宋代幕职州县官双重职能的分与合

The Division and Integration of the Dual Functions of the Muzhi Zhouxian Officials in the Song Dynasty

宋初官制承袭后周之制。五代时选人并无所谓七阶之制,是候选集注的官员总称,即赴三铨磨勘、注授的官员,也称待选人、守选人。选人范围较广,其中最底层的幕职州县官入宋以后逐渐成为文官系列中的最底层。文官系列由选人、京官、朝官三个由低到高的层次组成,此选人专指幕职州县官,共分七阶,为选人的本官阶,决定选人俸禄。然而,宋代州县地方官中也有幕职官,是差遣官,有实际职务。也就是说,幕职州县官有两种职能,既是选人七阶,又充当州府军监县的差遣官,两者容易混淆,需要鉴别。元丰改制时,文臣京官、朝官本官阶易为元丰寄禄阶,而选人本官阶未及改,直至徽宗崇宁二年,选人七阶方易为将仕郎至承务郎七阶,从而结束了选人二重职能的紊乱状态,幕职州县官作为选人七阶职能废罢,合为一元制的州府军监县的属官。

The early Song Dynasty inherited the official system of the Zhou Dynasty,so there is no"seven-rank"selection system for choosing people(Xuanren).At the time,Xuanren was a general term for officials who were waiting to be elected and checked in the candidate list,that is,candidates who were going to be reexamined for their qualifications.There are a wide range of Xuanren,among whom the lowest-ranking Muzhi Linglu officers gradually formed the lowest class in the civil servant series in the Song Dynasty.The civil servant series is composed of three levels:Xuanren,Jingguan,and Chaoguan.This Xuanren refers specifically to the"Muzhi Zhouxian officials",such as Panguan,Tuiguan,Linglu,and Pan Si Bu Wei,etc.It is divided into seven ranks,which may determine the official ranks and the salaries of the Xuanren.However,among the county officials in the Song Dynasty,there are also Muzhi officials,such as Jiedu Panguan,Jiedu Tuiuan,Guancha Zhishi,Guancha Tuiguan,etc.,who will formally assume office.On the other hand,they function not only as Xuanren,but also as local government officials.The two are easily confused and need to be identified.When official system was restructured in Yuanfeng period(AD 1080-1082),Jingguan and Chaoguan's official ranks were changed to Yuanfeng Jilu ranks,but the Xuanren of their official ranks could not be changed.During the second year of Huizong Chongning(AD 1103),the seven ranks were changed from Jiangshilang to Chengwulang,thus ending the disorder of the dual function of Xuanren.The Muzhi Zhouxian Officials were abolished as the function of Xuanren,and they were combined into a unified,uniform local government officials.In the Northern Song Dynasty,the Muzhi Zhouxian Officials have a complex structure and multiple functions.Many scholars have made many achievements in the study of Xuanren of the Northern Song Dynasty,but comprehensive studies from the perspective of the rank of Xuanren are inadequate.Therefore,there is still some vagueness.For example,the differences between the Quanzhu Xuanren and Jieguan Xuanren,the differences between the Shixian Xuanren and Muzhi Zhouxian officials,the differences between the Muzhi Zhouxian officials of the same name and different positions,and the change of the Jilu Xuanren are all to be further studied.From the perspective of Xuanren titles,this paper provides a foundational all-round study on the evolution of the functions of Muzhi Zhouxian officials in the Northern Song Dynasty,and tries to clarify some ambiguities that existed in the Muzhi Zhouxian officials in the Song Dynasty.