收播期调控对小麦-玉米周年产量及资源利用效率的影响

Effects of Harvest and Sowing Dates on Annual Yield and Resource Utilization Efficiency of Wheat and Maize

为了充分利用周年光热资源,优化小麦-玉米周年气候资源配置,挖掘黄淮海地区作物产量潜力和资源利用效率,在山东济阳进行小麦-玉米周年收播期调控试验,即以小麦玉米传统收播期为对照(CK),研究推迟小麦播期和玉米收获期延迟组成的"收播期优化"模式(OM)对作物产量、光温水等气候资源分配及利用效率的影响。结果表明,OM模式致小麦生育期缩短14 d,玉米生育期延长18 d;小麦季玉米季积温比值、辐射比值和降水比值分别降低18.5%、17.0%和21.1%,降低小麦季光温资源分配率;OM模式提高了小麦种植密度(净增133.3%),可以维持较高的群体穗数和穗粒数,产量与传统播期相比无显著差异,或略有增加。OM模式将更多的光温资源分配到玉米季,两年度千粒重分别提高13.8%、12.8%,增产15.5%、14.2%。OM模式显著提高小麦-玉米周年产量,两年平均增产11.5%。同时,由于小麦季光温资源分配量显著降低,其光能、温度和降水利用效率较对照分别提高15.0%、17.09%和29.61%;玉米季虽然光温资源利用效率无显著提高,但其降水利用效率提高9.97%,周年光、温、降水资源利用效率分别提高8.62%、13.14%和11.59%。因此,"收播期优化"模式优化了小麦-玉米周年气候资源配置,可进一步提升周年产量和光温水资源利用效率,对于促进黄淮海冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式可持续发展具有重要意义。

In order to make full use of light and heat resources and optimize the inter-season climatic resource distribution of traditional wheat-maize rotation system,so as to further increase the annual yield potential and resource utilization efficiency of crops of Huanghe-Huaihe-Haihe River region,we conducted experiments of different harvest and sowing dates of wheat-maize rotation system in Jiyang of Shandong Province.With the traditional harvest and sowing period of wheat and maize(CK)as the control,the optimized mode of harvest/sowing dates(late sowing winter wheat and late harvesting summer maize,OM)were conducted to study the effects on crop yield,climate resource distribution and utilization efficiency.The results showed that with the sowing/harvest dates delayed,days of wheat growth period reduced 14 days,but the growth period of maize was extended by 18 days.Accumulated temperature ratio,radiation ratio and rainfall ratio of wheat season and maize season reduced by 18.5%,17.0%and 21.1%,respectively,and the allocation rate of light and temperature resources in wheat season reduced.Owing to the increased planting density of OM treatment(133.3%),a high number of spikes and grains per spike were maintained,so there was no significant difference or slightly increase in wheat yield compared with CK treatment.More light and temperature resources were transferred to maize season in OM treatment,the thousand grain weight increased by 13.8%and 12.8%,respectively in the two years,and the yield increased by 15.5%and 14.2%.The annual yield of wheat and maize was significantly increased under OM treatment,with an average increase of 11.5%in the two years.Meanwhile,because of light and temperature resources in wheat season of OM treatment decreased significantly,the light energy,temperature and water utilization efficiency increased by 15.0%,17.09%and 29.61%compared with control.Although the utilization efficiency of light and temperature resources had no significant improvement in maize season,the utilization efficiency of precipitation increased by 9.97%,and the utilization efficiency of annual light,temperature and rainfall resources increased by 8.62%,13.14%and 11.59%,respectively.Therefore,the OM model optimized the distribution of annual climate resources of winter wheat-summer maize,and further improved annual yield and utilization efficiency of light,temperature and water resources,which was of great significance to promoting the sustainable development of winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in the Huanghe-Huaihe-Haihe River Plain.