李白“诗仙”、杜甫“诗圣”之称的出处与来源考辨

The Recordings and Origins of Li Bai Being Called the"Poetry Immortal"and of Du Fu Being Called the"Poetry Saint"

笔者经过文献考察认为,李白被正式称为“诗仙”始于北宋时期的徐积:“至于开元间,忽生李诗仙。”南宋的杨万里在诗中多次称李白为“诗仙”,从此以后称李白为“诗仙”的人渐渐地多了起来。杜甫被正式称为“诗圣”,则始于明中期的孙承恩,他说“诗圣惟甫”。而普遍的观点认为,最早称杜甫为“诗圣”者,是明代晚期的王嗣奭,这一人物晚于孙承恩八十余年。李白的“诗仙”之称,是贺知章对李白“谪仙人”之称的发展;杜甫的“诗圣”之称,则是宋代王安石、秦观等人认为杜甫是在诗歌界以儒家思想为主导的“集大成”者。李、杜二人的诗歌分别代表着中国诗歌儒道互补、追求自由的超现实主义与关注社稷民生的现实主义两种不同的思想倾向和诗风,影响了中国诗歌一千多年的成长和发展。

After reviewing the literature,the author believes that Li Bai was formally called"Shi Xian"from Xu Ji in the Northern Song Dynasty.He proposed that"as for Kaiyuan,Li Shi Xian was born suddenly".In the Southern Song Dynasty,Yang Wanli referred to Li Bai as the"Poetry Immortal"many times in his poems.Since then,more and more people called Li Bai the"Poetry Immortal".Du Fu was officially called"the saint of poetry",but it began with Sun Chengen in the mid-Ming Dynasty,who said"the saint of poetry refers to Fu".The general view is that the first person to call Du Fu the"sage of poetry"was Wang Sishi in the late Ming Dynasty,who was more than eighty years later than Sun Chengen.Li Bai′s"Poetry Immortal"was the development of He Zhizhang′s naming of Li Bai as"Sage of Poetry";Du Fu was called"Poetry Saint"because he was regarded as the leading"integrated master"with the dominance of Confucianism in the poetry circles by Wand Anshi,Qin Guan,etc.in the Song Dynasty.The poems of Li and Du represent two different ideological tendencies and styles of Chinese poetry,which are complementary to Confucianism and Taoism and pursue freedom,and realism that pay attention to society and people′s livelihood.They have influenced the growth and development of Chinese poetry for more than a thousand years.