语言接触下土家语词汇变化分析

Analysis of Lexical Change in Tujia Language under Language Contact

土家语词汇系统中有许多同义词叠置并用的现象,即同一概念兼有固有词、混合词和汉借词多种表现形式。根据语言经济性原则,系统会对其中的冗余现象做出相应的自我调整。借鉴Labov(1994)以年龄视时观察历史真时的研究方法,文章对土家语北部方言中302个同义词在不同年龄段人群中的使用情况做了调查分析,发现土家语词汇系统中汉借词正逐渐淘汰并取代固有词和混合词,词语间的替换变化已深入到核心词,这种竞争性变化的速度和使用者的年龄成反比,呈现出明显的地域差异。并从语言接触的角度对此做了相应的解释。

There are many synonyms in the lexical system of the Tujia language,where the same concept is expressed by multiple forms,including inherent words,mixed words and Chinese loanwords.According to the principle of language economy,the system has made corresponding self-adjustment to the redundancy phenomenon.In this paper,we select 302 synonyms from the northern dialect of Tujia and investigate their use in different age groups.After our study based on Labov's method of observing the changes in real time of history from the differences in the use of different age groups at the same time,we find that the inherent and mixed words are gradually being eliminated and replaced by Chinese loanwords in the Tujia vocabulary system,that word change or substitution has penetrated into the core words,that the speed of this competitive change is inversely proportional to the age of the user,and that there are obvious regional differences in this change.The paper also interprets these vocabulary changes from the perspective of language contact.