国家精准扶贫评估理论体系及其实践应用

Theoretical System and Its Application of National Targeted Poverty Alleviation Assessment

十八大以来我国实施精准扶贫、精准脱贫方略,实行"最严格的考核评估"制度,以确保扶贫工作务实、脱贫过程扎实、脱贫结果真实。精准扶贫评估是提升国家精准扶贫工作成效的重要手段,对于决战决胜脱贫攻坚、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化具有重要意义。文章基于国家精准扶贫成效第三方评估工作实际,探讨了乡村贫困化分异规律及其科学认知,梳理总结了国家精准扶贫评估理论、技术体系,深入分析了评估理论与技术在历年评估调查中的应用及其贡献。研究表明:(1)乡村贫困化的"孤岛效应""边际递减效应",以及政府"扶"与农户"贫"之间的供需结构,是实施精准扶贫成效评估的科学意义所在,客观要求深入开展考核评估,以评促改,有效提升精准扶贫工作绩效;(2)乡村贫困化的理论认知与实践需求是确立评估目标、制定评估方案的重要依据,对于细化扶贫成效评估指标、探明指标内涵、制定评估工作方案具有直接的指导作用;(3)国家精准扶贫成效第三方评估技术体系是一个包括评估关键技术、评估支撑技术、成套设备支持系统和评估大数据平台的完整系统,持续支撑了2016—2020年国家精准扶贫成效评估,较好地发挥了"质检仪""指挥棒"和"推进器"的作用,为全国脱贫攻坚考核与科学决策提供了参考依据。

China put forward the major strategy of targeted poverty alleviation in 2013, and implemented the "most stringent assessment and evaluation" system to ensure that the work of poverty alleviation is pragmatic, the process of poverty alleviation is solid and the result of poverty alleviation is real. Targeted poverty alleviation assessment is an important means to improve the effectiveness of national targeted poverty alleviation, which is of great significance to fight against poverty alleviation and promote the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity. Based on the practice of the third-party evaluation of the effectiveness of national targeted poverty alleviation, this paper discusses the differentiation law of rural poverty and its scientific cognition, summarizes the theory and technology system of national targeted poverty alleviation evaluation, and deeply analyzes the application and contribution of evaluation theory and technology in the evaluation survey over the years. Results show that the "island effect" and "marginal diminishing effect" of rural poverty, and the supply-demand structure between the government’s "support" and the farmers’ "poverty" are the scientific significance of implementing the effectiveness assessment of targeted poverty alleviation. They require in-depth assessment to promote rectification and effectively improve the performance of targeted poverty alleviation. The theoretical cognition and practical needs of rural poverty are the important basis for establishing assessment objectives and developing assessment plan, and plays a direct guiding role in refining the assessment indicators of antipoverty effectiveness, exploring the connotation of indicators and formulating evaluation work plans. Theoretical system of national third-party assessment on the effectiveness of targeted poverty alleviation is a comprehensive system including key technologies, supporting technologies, package support system, and big data platform. It has successfully supported the national effectiveness assessment of targeted poverty alleviation from 2016 to 2020, and has played the role of "baton", "quality inspection instrument", and "propeller", providing references for the assessment and scientific decision-making for poverty alleviation.