论行政处罚对象的法定化

Study on the Legalization of the Object of Administrative Penalty

对于行政处罚对象,当前我国行政法规范层面上或是根本不提及,或是呈现出相当程度的随意性。行政处罚法定原则作为行政处罚领域的一项基本原则,其具体内容不能仅强调以行政机关面向为规范重点,局限于诸如行政处罚主体、内容、程序等具体制度层面的法定,而应当同时重点规范行政相对人面向,强调应受行政处罚行为的主体,即行政处罚对象的法定,以及应受处罚行为构成要件的法定。《行政处罚法》修订过程中,应明确行政处罚对象的一般性原则,以“行为人”为规范重点,辅以“状态责任人”制度,并结合比例原则对行政处罚对象的限制,制定专门条文规范行政处罚对象。

The current administrative law in our country does not mention the object of administrative penalty at all,or shows a considerable degree of arbitrariness.As a basic principle in the field of administrative penalty,the legal principle of Statutory Punishment should not only focus on the orientation of administrative organs,such as the statutory of subject,content and procedure of administrative penalty on the specific institutional level,but also focus on the orientation of the administrative counterparts,emphasizing the subject of acts subject to administrative penalty,that is the statutory object of administrative penalty,and the statute of the constitutive elements of punishable acts.The general principle of the object of administrative penalty should be clearly defined in the Administrative Penalties Law,with the focus on the“actor”as the norm,supplemented by the“state responsible person”system,and combined with the principle of proportionality to restrict the object of administrative penalty,special provisions should be formulated to regulate the object of administrative penalty.