美国现代学徒制运行机制研究

A Study on the Operation Mechanism of Modern Apprenticeship in the United States

美国现代学徒制度以注册学徒制为主要典型,经历了产生、发展和革新三个发展阶段,建立了一个企业雇主(联盟)主导的岗位培训和社区学院等主导的理论教学相互协同的跨界合作制度。围绕着合作缘何开展、如何达成、如何进行、如何实现等四个环节,美国现代学徒制度形成了“市场主导、政府推动”的利益驱动机制、“专司统筹、联盟平台”的协调沟通机制、“多方协同、标准引领”的课程开发机制、“证书规范、行业认证”的质量保障等四个维度的运行机制。美国现代学徒制发展经验对我国的启示包括:优化顶层设计,充分发挥行业企业主体作用;完善组织机构,构建专司统筹的多元治理格局;加强制度建设,推动现代学徒制规范化科学化。

The modern apprenticeship system in the United States,with the registered apprenticeship as its main model,has gone through three stages of development:generation,development,and innovation.It has established a cross-border cooperation system in which the employers(Alliance)who provide job training are connected with community colleges that offer theoretical teaching.Centering on the four links of why,how to achieve,how to carry out and how to realize the cooperation,the modern apprenticeship system in the United States has formed operation mechanism of four dimensions,such as the interest driven mechanism of“market leading,government driven”,the coordination and communication mechanism of“specialized overall planning,alliance platform”,the curriculum development mechanism of“multi cooperation,standard leading”,and the quality assurance mechanism of“certificate specification,industry certification”.The lessons we learn from the development of such apprenticeship include:optimizing top-level design,giving full play to the main role of industry enterprises;improving organizational structure,building a diversified governance pattern of specialized department and unified guidance;strengthening system construction,promoting the standardization and scientization of modern apprenticeship.