养生到“卫生”的嬗变:清末岭南卫生典籍产生的社会历史背景

Evolution of the Changes from Health Preservation to "Hygiene": Social and Historical Background of the Creation of Lingnan Health Classics in the Late Qing Dynasty

“卫生”一词始见于《庄子》,近代以前,与“养生”义同,近代以降,其外延不断扩大,与国家、民族发生紧密联系,赋予了“保种”“强国”的内涵。“卫生”一词含义的变迁与近代中国的救亡图存、疾疫流行、人口增长停滞、西学东渐、健全国民的培植等社会历史背景密不可分。清末岭南5种卫生典籍不仅是公共卫生思想与近代中国社会实际相结合的产物,也是近代中国救亡运动在医界的反映。

The Chinese term"hygiene"first appeared in"Zhuangzi"and it had the same meaning as"health preservation"before the modern times.After that,its extension continued to expand,and it has been closely connected with the country and nation,enriched with the connotation of"protecting the people"and"strengthen the country".The changes in the meaning of the term"hygiene"were inseparable from the social and historical background of national survival,the prevalence of epidemics,the stagnant population growth,the eastward spread of Western Culture,and the cultivation of healthy citizens in modern China.The five health classics flourish in Lingnan in the late Qing Dynasty were not only the product of combining thoughts on public health and the reality of modern Chinese society,but also the response to the national salvation movement in the medical field.