不同种植密度、叶位与叶龄对蕲艾产量和品质的影响

Effects of different planting density,leaf position and leaf age on growth and quality of Artemisia argyi var.argyi′Qiai′

为指导蕲艾规范化种植和科学采收,该文研究了不同种植密度、叶位和叶龄对蕲艾生长和品质的影响。结果表明,适当稀植能促进蕲艾植株茎粗增加,叶间距紧凑,叶片增大,枯叶率降低,有效叶片数增加;密植可以显著提高蕲艾亩产量和叶片出绒率,但会降低单株产量和有效叶片数。不同产地蕲艾,均是随着植株叶位的降低和叶龄的增大,蕲艾叶片大小和百叶重呈先增加后减小的趋势,叶片下表皮的非腺毛密度和叶片出绒率逐渐减小。随着种植密度的增加,蕲艾叶片桉油精、樟脑、α-侧柏酮和棕矢车菊素含量逐步降低,绿原酸、异绿原酸B、异绿原酸A、异绿原酸C含量逐渐增加,而龙脑、乙酸龙脑酯和异泽兰黄素的含量是先增加后大幅降低的趋势。随着植株叶位的降低和叶龄的增大,蕲艾挥发油、酚酸和黄酮类成分的含量逐渐减少;PCA分析可将蕲艾植株叶片质量特征分为中、上部10~30 d叶龄和中、下部40~50 d以上叶龄2个部分。综合以上因素,生产上蕲艾根茎种植密度以28000株/亩左右(株行距为10 cm×20 cm,1亩≈667 m^2)为适宜,田间有效株树以14.28万株/亩左右为适宜;蕲艾采收上建议分为农历"三月三日"和"五月五日"进行分期2批次采收;如是采用五月一次性采收方式,则宜将蕲艾分成中、上部叶和中、下部叶2个部位采收加工,以此实现艾叶的优质优价,提高蕲艾种植经济效益。

In order to guide the standardized planting and scientific harvesting of Artemisia argyi var.argyi′Qiai′,effects of diffe-rent planting density,leaf position and leaf age on the growth and quality of A.argyi var.argyi′Qiai′were studied in this paper.The results showed that appropriate sparse planting could increase stem diameter,compact leaf spacing,increase the leaf size,reduce the rate of withered leaves and increase the number of effective leaves.Dense planting can significantly increase the yield of A.argyi var.argyi′Qiai′per Mu(1 Mu≈667 m^2)and the output rate of moxa,but reduce the yield per plant and the number of effective leaves.With the decrease of leaf position and the increase of leaf age,the leaf size and the weight of one hundred leaves increased at first and then decreased,the density of non-glandular hair field of the lower epidermis and the output rate of moxa decreased.With the increase of planting density,the contents of eucalyptus oleoresin,camphor,α-platyclone,and cyanidin decreased gradually,the contents of chlorogenic acid,isochlorogenic acid B,isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid C in the leaves of A.argyi var.argyi′Qiai′increased gradually,while the contents of borneol,bornyl acetate and isozelanin increased at first and then decreased significantly.With the decrease of leaf position and the increase of leaf age,the contents of volatile oil,phenolic acid and flavonoid in A.argyi var.argyi′Qiai′decreased gradually.PCA analysis can divide the leaf quality characteristics of A.argyi var.argyi′Qiai′into two parts:the middle and upper 10-30 days leaf age,the middle and lower 40-50 days above leaf age.Based on the above factors,the planting density of 28000 plants/Mu(row spacing of 10 cm×20 cm)can be selected for cultivation of A.argyi var.argyi′Qiai′rhizome,and the effective plants in the field are about 142800 plants/Mu.In terms of harvesting,it is suggested that the A.argyi var.argyi′Qiai′should be harvested on"March 3 rd"and"May 5 th"of the lunar calendar.If it is the traditionally harvested at one time in May,the A.argyi var.argyi′Qiai′should be divided into two parts:the middle and upper leaves,the middle and lower leaves,so as to achieve high quality and high price of A.argyi var.argyi′Qiai′leaves and improve the economic benefits of A.argyi var.argyi′Qiai′planting.