传统村落的祠庙及其公共空间功能探析——以江永上甘棠古村为例

On Traditional Village’s Temple and Its Function of Public Space——Taking Hunan Jiangyong Shanggantang Village as an Example

湖南省江永县上甘棠古村先后存在过大约30余座祠庙,祠庙的供祀对象较为多样,涉及自然神、历史人物神、祖先神和佛教道教中的神等。崇祀的原则是有用,表现出强烈的功利色彩。祠庙的公共空间功能以祭祀为核心,具有神圣性、社会性、多样性、整齐性等特征。此外,祠庙还是儒学传承、休闲娱乐、文人齐集的公共空间。祠庙及其公共空间功能是村民们精神生活的重要表现,亦是传统村落传承历史记忆的主要方式,构成传统村落精神世界的根基,在伦理教化、规范秩序、凝聚族众等方面深刻影响村民们的意识观念和日常行为。

There were more than 30 temples at Shanggantang village,Jiangyong County,Hunan Province.In these temples,sacrificial objects included natural gods,character gods,Buddhist and Taoist gods and ancestral gods.The principles of sacrifice were usefulness and efficaciousness,which showed strong utilitarian.Temples’function of public space was mainly sacrifice.The sacrifice’s features were sanctity,sociality,diversity and regularity.Meanwhile,temples were public space of Confucianism inheriting,entertainment and liberators gathering.The temple and its function of public space showed villagers’spiritual life,and they were main ways that inherited historical memory at the traditional village.They had far-reaching effects on villagers’concept and regular life from ethics enlightenment,normative order and uniting the people.