1957年以来出生女性群体的婚孕新趋势--以未婚怀孕为中心的分析

The New Trend of Marriage and Pregnancy among Chinese Women Born in 1957-2002

作为自由主义、个体主义、性解放观念的一种后果,未婚怀孕在中国有增多的趋势。全国性的生育史回顾数据显示1957年以来出生的中国女性中超过两成曾发生未婚怀孕。分队列和年代来看,年轻世代的未婚怀孕更多发,20岁以下女性未婚怀孕比例经历了先升后降,20岁以上女性未婚怀孕迅速增加,平均未婚初孕年龄推迟,多次未婚怀孕明显减少。但与西方第二次人口转变所预期的不同,未婚怀孕在中国仍然有较高的婚姻转化率,近六成"带孕结婚"、近七成婚内生育;与OECD国家相比,中国仍处于非婚生育比例最低的少数国家行列。未婚怀孕多发揭示了"性-婚姻"关系的进一步分离,高婚内生育比例揭示了"婚姻-生育"之间关联并未被打破。"性-婚姻-生育"关系的部分解放既显示了个体主义等观念的影响,也显现了中国"家"文化这一传统观念对人们的约束。人们仍然在遵循或维护着生育和婚姻之间的固有联系,怀孕可以是一种婚前行为、个体行为,但生育仍然是一种婚内行为。未婚同居、未婚怀孕是正式婚姻前的一个次多项选择,成为向结婚和生育过渡的中间形态或过渡形态,而非替代形态。中国女性的婚孕、婚育选择因此呈现出混合了第二次人口转变和传统模式的特征。

As a result of the dissemination of liberalism,individualism and sexual liberation,premarital pregnancies have been increasing today in China.Nationwide survey reveals that over 20 percent ofChinese women born in 1957-2002 have experienced premarital pregnancy.In terms of cohort and age,premarital pregnancies occur more frequently in the younger generation;The proportion of premarital pregnancies occurring under the age of 20 rose at first and then declined,while the premarital pregnancies occurring at the age of 20 and above has increased rapidly;The average age of first premarital pregnancy has been delayed,and the frequency of premarital pregnancies have decreased significantly.However,unlike what is expected in the second demographic transition in the West,about 60 percent of Chinese women with premarital pregnancy have transformed to the marriage status with their spouse before parturition,and nearly 70 percent giving birth within marriage.Babies born in unmarried families only represents a small part of all Chinese births.China is still one of the countries with the least out-of-wedlock birth rate compared with OECD countries.The frequent occurrence of premarital pregnancies reveals the further separation of the relationship between sex and marriage,and the high ratio of births within marriage reveals that the relationship between marriage and birth has not been broken.The partial liberation of the"sex-marriage-birth"relationship not only shows the influence of concepts such as individualism,but also shows the constraints of the profound background of Chinese"family"culture.Pregnancy may occur before marriage,but childbearing should happen within marriage.Cohabitation and pregnancy before marriage are treated as the preparatory stage rather than alternatives before the formal relationship as marriage.Chinese women’s choice of marriage,pregnancy and fertility therefore presents mixture features of the second demographic transition and traditional patterns.