基于草地资源可持续利用的干旱半干旱区草牧业发展策略——以新疆阿勒泰地区为例

Strategy on the development of grass-based livestock husbandry in the arid and semi-arid region based on sustainable utilization of grassland resources:A case study of Altay,Xinjiang,China

发展草牧业在促进农业结构调整、保障国家食品安全和生态安全等方面具有重要的战略地位和作用。本文以新疆阿勒泰地区为例,从草-畜-人社会生态系统视角,运用人口、资源与环境经济学的理论和方法,在评价草地资源可持续利用状况及其耦合协调度的基础上,提出我国北方干旱半干旱区草牧业发展策略。研究区草地资源可持续利用的整体水平较低,具体表现为草地资源的生产性不高、保护性不够、稳定性不足、经济可行性较差、社会可承受性较低;草地生态系统的非平衡性特征,草-畜-人系统内部各子系统之间交互作用的复杂性、逻辑联系的特殊性,以及在牧区生态、牧业发展和牧民增收之间缺乏有效权衡,是导致研究区草地资源可持续利用耦合协调度较低的重要原因;大力发展优质牧草产业,着力构建现代牧业体系,全力提升新型牧民素质,推进草-畜-人系统耦合,从而增强草地系统的自然过程、经济过程和社会过程的融合演进,根本解决草畜矛盾、供需矛盾和"三生"矛盾,促进干旱半干旱区草牧业持续健康发展。加强多部门交流合作,集成多学科理论方法,整合多领域政策资源;科学编制中长期草牧业发展规划,促进草牧业高质量发展和草原牧区乡村振兴;深入开展草牧业科技创新、试验示范和推广工作,加快形成优质牧草–现代牧业–新型牧民"三位一体"格局,长期维系草原牧区和谐共生的人地关系,是实现干旱半干旱区草牧业持续健康发展的长远之策、根本之策。

The development of"grass-based livestock husbandry"(GLi H)plays an important strategic role in promoting the adjustment of agricultural structure and ensuring national food safety and ecological safety.The underlying mechanisms for sustainable grassland use and what strategy is essential for the development of the GLi H remain unknown.In this study,we considered"grass-livestock-human"system as a coupled social ecosystem,and used the theories and methods related to population,resources and environmental economics to explore strategies on the development of the GLi H.Taking the Altay Prefecture in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China as an example,we constructed an index system to evaluate the sustainable utilization of grassland resources,analyzed the coupling coordinative degree among productivity,protection,stability,economic feasibility,social affordability of grassland resources.We further provided strategies on the development of GLi H in the arid and semi-arid regions,northern China.The sustainability of grassland utilization in Altay Prefecture was generally at low level,which was manifested in low productivity,insufficient protection,deficient stability,poor economic feasibil-ity and relatively low social affordability.Moreover,the coupling coordinative degree among productivity,protection,stability,economic feasibility,and social affordability of grassland resources was relatively low.The result may mainly be explained by the non-equilibrium of the grassland ecosystem,the complexity of the interaction and particularity of logical connection among subsystems within the"grass-livestock-human"system,and a lack of effective trade-off among the ecosystem,the development of animal husbandry and the increase in herdsman’s income of pastoral areas.It is critically needed to promote the sustainable and healthy development of the GLiH in the ways of vigorously developing a good-quality forage industry,strongly building a modern animal husbandry system,quickly increasing the capacity of herdsman,and enhancing the coupled"grass-livestock-human"system in the arid and semi-arid regions.These strategies can be helpful to enhance the integration of natural,economic,and social processes of grassland system,and be beneficial for fundamentally resolving the contradictions between grass and livestock,between supply and demand,and among the"production-living-ecological"functions.It is necessary to strengthen communication and cooperation among multiple departments,to integrate theories and methods of multiple disciplines,and to integrate policy resources among multiple fields.We suggest to formulate medium and long-term development plans of the GLiH scientifically,and thus to promote a high-quality development of the GLiH and rural revitalization of pastoral areas.It is urgently needed to carry out in-depth scientific and technological innovation,experimental demonstration and promotion of the GLiH,to form quickly trinity pattern of good-quality forage,modern animal husbandry and new-type herdsman,and thus to chronically maintain the harmonious and symbiotic relationship between man and land in pastoral areas.The integration of all these measures would be fundamental for sustainable and healthy development of the GLiH in the arid and semi-arid regions.