迈向理想的共同体:批判中的重建——兼及《德意志意识形态》的政治哲学解读

Towards an Ideal Community:Reconstruction in Criticism--with the Interpretation of the Political Philosophy of The German Ideology

马克思在《德意志意识形态》中对个人与共同体进行了历史的分析,认为在资本主义社会以前,共同体的形式包括“原始的共同体”“自然形成的共同体”“古典古代的和中世纪的共同体”和“封建的共同体”。随着特殊利益和共同利益对立起来,公共利益采取了一种与实际利益相脱离的独立形式,从而产生了虚幻的共同体形式。共同体的历史是“现实的个人”生活于其中的历史,在对“想象中的那种个人”与“现实中的个人”的区分中,可以看到想象中的共同体与现实的共同体的差别。马克思共同体理论具有深刻的历史内涵,彰显了人类公共生活演进的历史规律,对当代共同体理论研究具有重要的启示意义。

In The German Ideology,Marx made a historical analysis of the individual and the community.He believed that before capitalist society,the forms of community included“Ursprüngliche Gemeinwesen”“Naturwüchsigen Gemeinwesen”“Antiken&Mittelalterlichen Gemeinwesen”,and“Feudale Gemeinwesen”.With the opposition between special interests and common interests being established,public interests have taken a form of independence separated from actual interests.On this basis,an illusory form of community was produced.The history of the community is the history of the“realistic individual”living in this community.From the distinction between“individual in imagination”and“individual in reality”,we can see the difference between an imagined community and a real community.Marx's theory of community has profound historical connotations.It highlights the historical law of the evolution of human public life and has important enlightening significance for the study of the theory of contemporary community.