无为安乐与永生永乐——道教对道家之乐的传承与背离

Happy from Doing Nothing and Happy from Eternal Life——Taoist Inheritance and Deviation of toward Happiness

作为一个独特而重要的情感范畴,“乐”典型地体现着道教对先秦道家思想的吸收、阐释、改造和利用。道教快乐情感的根据不再是道家原初意义上的自然无为,而是修行意义上的能动有为,其情感不限于无为、自然物化的天乐、至乐,而是延伸到了有为意义上的“无为安乐”。这种能动意义的“无为安乐”在目的论上又可以表述为“永生永乐”。一切皆是道本,人人皆可修道,通过修道而远离生死,得到快乐,“无为安乐”而“永生永乐”。“无为安乐”与“永生永乐”二者的心理基础都是无为清静,然而分而论之,“无为安乐”是普适意义上的无为清静的情感,以道家思想为根源并与之相通;“永生永乐”则侧重于生死观,虽在一定程度上以道家思想为根源,但更是通过自身的努力即清净无欲的修道、修心以实现个体生命的现世长生所达到的情感。道教所说的无为是通过无欲无为而长生成仙、免离生死,故而道教之乐虽以普适意义上的至寂无为为性态,却又不同于道家以无为作为哲学基础的天乐、至乐。

As a unique and important emotional category,“happiness”typically reflects Taoist interpretation,transformation and utilization of Taoism in the pre-Qin period.The basis of Taoist happy emotion is no longer nature and doing nothing in the original sense of Taoism,but action in the sense of spiritual practice.Its emotion extends from the heavenly happiness and ecstasy of natural things and doing nothing,to doing nothing but still happy,which can also be expressed as life with endless happiness in teleology.Doing nothing but happy is a universal emotion of noninterference,which is rooted in Taoism and is interlinked with it,while Life with endless happiness focuses on the view of life and death.Even though it is originated from Taoist thought to some extent,it is more a self-effort of Taoist practice and cultivation with no desires to the realization of eternal life.Doing nothing in Taoist sense is become immortal and free from life and death through inaction and no desire.Therefore,even Taoist happiness is characterized by doing nothing in a broad sense;it still differs from Taoist heavenly happiness and ecstasy,which takes inaction as its philosophical basis.