德国法上的禁止代理权滥用理论及其对我国代理法的启示--兼评《民法典》第164条

The Institute of Prohibition of Abuse of Power of Attorney in German Law and its Adoption in Chinese Law——Comments on Article 164 of the Civil Code

为消除对意定代理授权行为无因性原则保护恶意相对人的诟病,促使该原则在我国法中的最终确立,《民法典》应当采纳德国法上的禁止代理权滥用制度来限制授权行为无因性原则的适用。除代理人与相对人恶意串通损害被代理人利益的滥用代理权行为之外,应当受到禁止的代理权滥用行为还应包括代理人滥用代理权且相对人知道该滥用或该滥用客观上具有显见性的情形。对于后一种情形,我国学界的研究不多,而德国司法实践将其作为限制授权行为无因性原则的重要制度予以适用,因此借鉴德国司法实践经验和学界研究成果,构建适合我国国情的禁止代理权滥用制度,有助于解决严格适用无因性原则对被代理人过于苛责的问题。在禁止代理权滥用的情形中,被代理人的利益应优先于交易安全得到保护。

In order to respond to the critics about the undistinguished protection of the malicious partner by the Abstract Principle of the Power of Attorney and promote the adoption of the principle in Chinese law,we should adopt the institute of Prohibition of Abuse of Power of Attorney from German Law to protect the principle.Except for the collusion of the agent and the partner as the forms of Abuse of the Power of Attorney,there is also the case of the agent intentionally undermine the interests of the principal and the counter party is aware of the abuse or the abuse is objectively obvious as the Abuse of the Power of Attorney.There is little research on the latter subject in the Chinese literature.The German legal practice adopted it as an important means to limit the application of the Abstract Principle of the Power of Attorney.Therefor it is necessary for the avoidance of the short coming in the ignorance of the interests of the principal in the application of the Abstract Principle of the Power of Attorney to constitute the Prohibition of the Abuse of the Power of Attorney which is suitable for China based on the legal experience of the German court and the literature.In the above cases of abuse of the Power of Attorney,the protection of the Principal’s interest prevails over the protection of the security in the transaction.