加米奥的《锻造祖国》与墨西哥的土著主义运动

Gamio’s Forging the Fatherland and the Indigenous Movement in Mexico

曼努埃尔·加米奥是墨西哥著名的考古学家和人类学家,被称为墨西哥“土著主义之父”,1916年他出版了《锻造祖国》一书,该书和同时代其他著名知识分子的著作对土著主义运动产生了重要影响。在墨西哥人类学家的推动下,20世纪20年代土著主义被认为是墨西哥建立统一的国家认同和实现社会经济现代化的重要工具,被接受为一种官方的意识形态。1920~1940年的几届总统通过建立专门的印第安人领导的研究机构,不断实施教育改革、土地改革,倡导壁画艺术运动、土著语言文学研究、双语教学,推广印第安人工艺项目和技术培训等,大大推动了印第安人的现代化和国家一体化。土著主义运动的兴起和发展对墨西哥现代化进程具有非常积极的意义,而人类学家在土著主义运动的兴起和发展中发挥主导作用是墨西哥土著主义运动的一个显著特点。

Manuel Gamio was a famous archaeologist and anthropologist in Mexico.He is known as the“father of indigenismo”in Mexico.In 1916 he published Forging a Fatherland,in which he proposed that archaeology is a scientific and nationalistic discipline;and the direction of Mexican cultural development is an“evolutionary integration”of foreign cultures and that of local,rather than Europeanization.He advocated racial equality and integration,and promoted to create a united and strong nation state.He portrayed the Mexican nation as a statue with an Indian base and a body forged by all ethnic groups.He believed that anthropology is an applied science that can serve to create a unified,healthy,and progressive nation and society in Mexico.His Forging a Fatherland along with works by other famous intellectuals of the same era have had an important influence on the Indigenous movement.Under the promotion of Mexican anthropologists,indigenismo in the 1920s was adopted as an official ideology,and was considered an important tool for creating a unified national identity and achieving socio-economic modernization.With the establishment of specialized Indian leadership and research institutions,several presidents during 1920s-1940s continued to implement education reforms,land reforms,advocate mural art movements,indigenous language and literature studies,bilingual teaching,promote Indian craft projects and technical training,etc.These efforts greatly promoted the modernization of the Indians and national integration.The rise and development of the Aboriginal movement was significant for the modernization process in Mexico.The leading role of anthropologists in the Aboriginal movement is a distinctive feature of the Mexican Aboriginal movement.