论明初散毛土司与中央的关系

On the Sanmao Chieftain’s Relationship with the Central Government in the Early Ming Dynasty

明代对土司的政治调控和监管措施,深刻影响着土司制度与土司社会。明初散毛土司虽归顺明廷,但屡兴叛乱。明廷通过军事镇压、设置卫所等措施控制散毛土司,洪武末年甚至废除了散毛土司建置,直至永乐初年,明廷方才恢复其行政建置,并对其行政品级、政治结构作了一个重新的厘定,自此土司建置趋于稳定,是为永乐定制。明初散毛土司反叛所表现出来的极端冲突互动,体现了土司社会的多元性与复杂性,更体现了土司制度在王朝国家与地方社会之间的纵向差异性。可以认为,永乐定制是明廷从国家层面对这一差异性的合理调适与完善,使土司制度臻于完备。历经明初的整饬,使土司制度愈加系统、规范,控驭土司愈加深入,土司制度在明代也更具代表性。

The political control and supervision measures of chieftains in Ming Dynasty had a profound influence on chieftains'system and society.At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty,Sanmao chieftain was subordinate to the Ming Dynasty,but he often rebelled.The Ming Court controlled the Sanmao Chieftain through military suppression,setting up garrisons and other measures.In the late Hongwu years,the Sanmao chieftain was even abolished.It was not until the early Yongle years that the Ming Court resumed its administrative construction and made a new determination of its administrative grade and political structure.The extreme conflict and interaction of the Sanmao chieftain rebellion in the early Ming Dynasty reflected the diversity and complexity of the chieftain society,and also reflected the vertical difference of the chieftain system between the state and local society of the dynasty.It can be considered that Yongle customization is the reasonable adjustment and perfection of this difference from the national level by the Ming Government,which makes the chieftain system perfect.After the rectification in the early Ming Dynasty,the chieftain system became more systematic and standardized,and the control of chieftain became more strict,and chieftain system became more representative in the Ming Dynasty.