耦合共进:美国高校考试招生中的研究与实践

Coupling and Advancing:Research and Practice in American College Entrance Examination

研究和实践脱节是困扰教育界的大问题。美国高校考试招生中的研究与实践在耦合共进方面的表现相对较好:研究成果大体能落实到实际行动中,实践问题也基本能得到广泛和持续的研究。其关键特征在于:具有"企业家精神"的高校是推动研究与实践耦合共进的重要引擎;立足研究的考试招生变革自然更替、自发演化;考试招生体系结构复杂多样,不同模式及技术流派纷呈。作为一项社会系统工程,美国高校考试招生中研究与实践之所以能较好地耦合共进离不开法治、竞争、转化与共治。依法治理限制了公权力的行为边界,保障了各方的自治;市场竞争倒逼研究与实践的耦合共进,两者的耦合共进也是各类主体参与市场竞争时胜出的手段;科研与应用的转化机制几乎无缝衔接,有利于研究成果的推广及其产业化;此外,蓬勃发展的学术团体协同共治,稳步推动着知识的生产、交流与协作。

The performance of research and practice in college entrance examination in the United States is relatively good:the research results can be implemented in practice,and the practical problems can be basically studied extensively and continuously.Its key features are as follows:the university with"entrepreneurial spirit"is an important engine to promote the coupling of research and practice;the reform of examination and enrollment based on research naturally changes and evolves spontaneously;the structure of examination and enrollment system is complex and diverse,and different modes and technical schools are in abundance.The reason why the research and practice in the examination and enrollment of American colleges and universities can be well coupled is inseparable from the rule of law,competition,transformation and co-governance:Firstly,the rule of law limits the excessive interference of public power and guarantees the autonomy of all;secondly,the free choices of users in the market competition force the continuous improvement of colleges and universities and assessments institutions,market competition forces the coupling of research and practice,which is also the means for all kinds of subjects to win when they participate in market competition;thirdly,the transformation between research and practice is almost seamless,which is conducive to the promotion and industrialization of research results;In addition,the vigorous development of academic associations has steadily promoted the production,exchange and cooperation of knowledge.