生产、销售伪劣产品罪及其特殊罪名的犯罪对象区分——以“销售假口罩案”为例

On the Distinction of Objects Between the Crime ofProducing and Selling Fake and Shoddy Products and Related Special Crimes——Take"Selling Fake Masks"as An Example

应当将制售伪劣口罩行为认定为一般伪劣产品犯罪还是特殊伪劣犯罪,存在争议。我国最高司法机关的答复一定程度上解决了上述分歧,也为类似案件的区分提供了思路。一是厘清日常用品的含义、分类及其背后可能涉及的法益,尤其是不同使用环境下的不同刑法意义。二是作为认定依据的前置法必须是现行有效的行政法规,部门规章及其他内部规范性文件不宜作为认定依据。三是以个案事实为依据并结合常理认定行为人主客观方面,其主观上明知或应知其生产、销售的是特殊伪劣产品,客观上可能危及特殊法益,才能认定为特殊伪劣产品犯罪。另外,此种认定存疑时,应根据“疑罪从无”、“罪疑从轻”原则作出有利于被告人的解释。

There is a dispute whether manufacturing and selling fake and shoddy masks should be regarded as the crime of general fake and shoddy products or one of related special crimes.The reply of the supreme judicial organ helps to solve the above dispute to some extent,and provides the train of thought for differentiating similar cases.The first thing is to clarify the meaning and classification of daily necessities and legal interests that may be involved,especially their different meanings of criminal law in different contexts they are used.The second point is that the prepositive law as the basis for making judgement must be a currently effective administrative regulation,and a departmental rule,and other internal norms should not be cited for this purpose.The third aspect is to identify the mental and physical aspects on basis of the facts of each individual case and by using the common sense.Only when the perpetrator knows or should have known the fake and shoddy nature of such products in the mental aspect and the special legal interest may be endangered in the physical aspect,can it be identified as one of crimes concerning special fake and shoddy products.In addition,when there is doubt in such determination,the principles of"presumption of innocence"and"choice of a lighter crime favorable to the defendant in case of doubt"should be applied to make an explanation in favor of the defendant.