不同以往的时间

IT IS DIFFERENT THIS TIME

在设计过程中,景观设计师积极地探索两种时间—顺应自然流动的时间与映射人为活动的时间—之间交叠的边界。正因存在于景观与时间之间的微妙联系,我们的时间概念随着人类群体对环境影响的规模和强度的变化而不断演化与拓展。在18世纪末和19世纪初,一种由汉弗莱·雷普顿所推动的景观表达创新,充分运用了线性的时间概念。雷普顿在其职业生涯中共制作了100多本景观“红皮书”,并在其中使用了叠合“改造前”与“改造后”景观图绘的方法以说明他对场地改造的建议。一个半世纪后,于1969年出版的两本书在20世纪推动景观设计学科发展的多样化议题和思辩中脱颖而出。这两本书都通过周期性和延续性的时间概念来理解景观,指出景观设计学不仅是关于空间更是关于时间的学科。在《设计结合自然》一书中,伊恩·麦克哈格以科学为出发点重新定位了人类对环境的干预,即从开发和耗竭转向对自然规则和过程的响应。[1]在《RSVP循环:人们在环境中的创造过程》一书中,劳伦斯·哈普林以艺术为出发点,将其视作一种能够使人类的创造力参与自然系统的节奏、关系和自发性的设计途径。[2]

In the design process,landscape designers actively navigate the overlapping boundaries between time as ordained by nature and time as understood in the context of human activities.This relation between time and the landscape makes our conception of time necessarily evolve and broaden along with the scale and intensity of our collective environmental impacts.One of the innovations in landscape representation spearheaded by Humphry Repton at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth centuries described a linear notion of time.Over the course of his career,Repton produced over 100 of celebrated“Red Books”in which he employed the device of“before and after”drawings using overlays to illustrate how his proposals would transform his prospective clients’estates.A century and a half later in 1969,two books captured the diverse intellectual themes and debates that advanced the discipline of Landscape Architecture over the twentieth century.Both books understood landscapes with cyclical and continuous conceptions of time,reinterpreting landscape design very much as a temporal and spatial discipline.In Design with Nature,Ian McHarg used scientific knowledge as the starting point of his quest to reorientate our environmental interventions away from exploitation and depletion,toward responsiveness to the landscape’s natural patterns and processes.[1]In The RSVP Cycles:Creative Processes in the Human Environment,Lawrence Halprin explored art as a way to develop design methods that could allow human creativity to engage with the rhythms,relationships,and spontaneity of natural systems.[2]