亚里士多德规范格言论证探析

On Aristotelian Normative Maxim Argumentation

亚里士多德在《修辞术》中提出了品格说服手段。该手段告诉我们演说者可通过展示实践智慧、德性及善意三种品格去让听众信任演说者,进而提高听众对演说者主张的认同度。人们尚不清楚演说者表达怎样的论证能展示包括实践智慧、德性及善意的优良品格。文章试图揭示一种独特的论证,以回答上述疑问。第一,通过分析亚氏对格言的论述,我们定义了格言论证;第二,通过分析优良品格的含义,我们定义了规范格言,由此给出了规范格言论证;第三,利用论证型式理论并结合规范格言,我们指出了规范格言论证有两个特殊的型式,而且具有一定的优度;第四,从听众的视角出发,我们说明了规范格言论证能作为演说者展示优良品格的工具。

Aristotle proposed“ethos”in Rhetoric.This method tells us that speaker can make the audience trust speaker by showing three good characters which include practical wisdom,virtue,and goodwill,thereby increasing audience’s adherence toward speaker’s claim.For this topic,it is still unclear that what argumentation speaker express can display good characters which include practical wisdom,virtue and goodwill.In this article,we try to reveal a unique kind of argumentation to respond the question just mention above.First,by analyzing Aristotle’s exposition of maxims,we define maxim argumentation.Second,by analyzing the meaning of good characters,we define normative maxim,and thus give the normative maxim argumentation.Third,using argumentation schemes theory and combining normative maxim,we point out that normative maxim argumentation not only have two special schemes,but also have certain degree of goodness.Fourth,from the perspective of audiences,we explain that normal maxim argumentation can be a tool for speakers to display good characters.