正当性与合理性:韦伯支配理论中的“中国法问题”

Legitimacy and Rationality:“The Issue of Chinese Law”in Max Weber's Theory of Domination

韦伯关于“中国法问题”的研究,体现了他“理性化”理论的特质。在韦伯看来,西方社会独有的形式理性法律不仅对理性资本主义的产生发展具有重要作用,还为支配的正当性提供了合法性和经验上的妥当。与此相关,韦伯将“中国法”视为一种异己并用之佐证西方法律的理性特质,但“中国法”在理性与非理性、正当性与合理性之间所表现的张力,不但使韦伯“实质理性”和“家产官僚制”的概念晦暗难明,而且隐含着支配正当性的多元化问题。“中国法问题”不再只是一个法律类型化比较的问题,更是一个支配正当性来源多元化和合理化的问题。当下中国社会治理遇到的法律与伦理困境,需要我们基于“中国法”的多值逻辑重构其正当性。

Weber's research on“the issue of Chinese law”embodies the characteristics of“rationaliza⁃tion”in his theory.In Weber's view,the unique formal rational law in western society not only plays an impor⁃tant role in the emergence and development of Rational Capitalism,but also provides legitimacy and empirical appropriateness for the legitimacy of domination.Weber has regarded“Chinese law”as being alien,and used it to prove the rational characteristics of western law.However,the tension between rationality and irrationali⁃ty,legitimacy and rationality in“Chinese law”has not only obscured the concepts of Weber's“substantive ra⁃tionality”and“family property bureaucracy”,but also implied the diversification of governing legitimacy.Fur⁃thermore,the issue of Chinese law is not only a question of comparison of law-types,but also a problem of di⁃versification and rationalization of the sources of legitimacy.We need to reconstruct its legitimacy based on the multi value logic of“Chinese law”to solve the legal and ethical dilemmas encountered in the current Chinese social governance.