洞庭湖区堤垸景观研究

Study of the Polder Landscape in Dongting Lake District

堤垸是洞庭湖区最为重要的乡土景观类型,综合了农业生产、水利调控和聚落建设。人们在湖区的淤洲上建设堤垸来控制垸区的水位,以获得生活和生产空间;数百年的堤垸开垦历史,使得洞庭湖区几乎每一寸土地都经过了设计,积累了大量的水土整合经验。从风景园林的视角出发,将堤垸看作一种空间结构和文化表达的结果,而不单纯是水利工程的产物;通过系统分析和图解的方式,探索堤垸景观的空间设计法则,推断和解读这类景观的发生机制和特征。首先,简要阐述了洞庭湖区堤垸的围垦历史,理清了堤垸的发展脉络;其次,总结了湖区堤垸的现状空间分布情况;再次,从水利、垸田和聚落3个空间层,对不同空间层、不同尺度下的堤垸空间及其嵌套式的相互关系进行了解析;最后,总结出洞庭湖区的堤垸景观具有堤垸的更新性、尺度的层级性、形态的整体性等相关特征。上述分析可以使人们对洞庭湖区的堤垸景观有一个较为全面和深刻的理解,并获得堤垸保护与转型的线索。

Polder landscape is the most important vernacular landscape type in Dongting Lake district,as a combination of agricultural production,hydrology infrastructure and town planning,to control the water level in the lake area,and obtain living and production space.With hundreds of years of polders reclamation history,almost every inch of land in Dongting Lake area has been designed and accumulated a lot of experience in soil and water integration.From the perspective of landscape architecture,this paper regards the polders as a result of spatial structure and cultural expression,rather than simply a product of water conservancy projects,and explores the spatial design principles of polder landscape,infers and interprets the occurrence mechanism and characteristics of this kind of landscape through systematic analysis and mapping.Firstly,the paper briefly explains the history of polders in Dongting Lake area,in order to clarify the development of the polders.Secondly,it summarizes the current spatial distribution of the polders.Then,from the perspective of water conservancy,reclamation and settlement,it analyzes the landscape space of polders at different levels and scales and their nested relationship.Finally,the paper summarizes three characteristics which are renewal of polders,hierarchy of scale and morphology integrity.The above analysis can make people have a more comprehensive and profound understanding of the polder landscape in Dongting Lake area,and obtain clues of protection and transformation of polders.