“中国高尔基”与“政治家”鲁迅

“Chinese Gorky”and Lu Xun“the Politician”

最早把鲁迅和高尔基相比较的是左翼革命青年,目的是为了批判鲁迅政治上的“落伍”;最早明确称呼鲁迅“中国高尔基”的是国民党右翼文人,暗示鲁迅和“中国”的“二心”。鲁迅逝世后,王明、萧三等中共领导人提出具有鲜明政治姿态的“盖棺论定”——称赞鲁迅为“中国高尔基”。一方面,藉由这一称号整合了左翼内部,很大程度上消除了因两个口号产生的革命与国家话语融合时的分歧;另一方面,这一称号成为对抗国民党官方的强力武器。不过,毛泽东从不谈鲁迅是“中国高尔基”,不少学者对此的解释是,因为毛泽东不认可鲁迅是政治家。然而,结合毛泽东《论鲁迅》演讲文本的流变,以及“新中国的圣人”这一称号的社会语境,毛泽东用“孔圣人”称赞鲁迅比“中国高尔基”更有政治指向性,新旧中国、新旧民主主义和作为政治家的鲁迅三者之间,具有内在的一致性和系统性。

The first comparison of Lu Xun with Gorky was made by the left-wing revolutionary youth who had the purpose of criticizing Lu Xun’s political“backwardness.”The first to explicitly call Lu Xun“Chinese Gorky”was the Kuomintang right-wing literati who meant to hint that Lun Xun and China were“stranger bedfellows.”After the death of Lu Xun,Communist Party leaders such as Wang Ming and Xiao San gave the final and remarkably politicized appellation to Lu Xun,calling him“Chinese Gorky,”with a view to integrating the fractured left wing and eliminating the“gap”between the revolutionary and the state rhetoric caused by the two different slogans.The new title has also become a powerful weapon against the KMT authority.However,Mao Zedong never referred to Lu Xun as“Chinese Gorky.”Many scholars believe that it is because Mao did not recognize Lu Xun as a politician.However,in light of the evolving text of Mao’s speech on Lu Xun and the social milieu in which he honored Lu Xun as“the sage of New China,”there seems to be more political import in Mao’s analogy of Lu Xun with Confucius the sage than“Chinese Gorky.”Between the new and old China,the new and old democraticism and Lu Xun as a politician,there is inherent consistency.