以禅喻诗:严羽的诗学思想及其文化旨趣

Using Zen as Metaphor for Poetry:Yan Yu’s Poetic Thought and Its Cultural Purport

“以禅喻诗”是《沧浪诗话》鲜明的学术品格。严羽借用佛禅“妙悟”的概念作为其论诗的拱心石,构建了以“妙悟”为认识论与方法论,以“兴趣”为特质论,以“气象”为境界论的严整的诗学体系。严羽“悟”区别于江西诗派侧重于字句章法而强调对诗歌的整体把握和诗歌主体的生命体验。“兴趣”体现为心物交感,情景交融的创作取向,情统领下的情、理、意等诸多心理因素的深度融合,内容与形式的完美统一。“气象”是诗歌审美风格与时代精神等的外在显现。严羽反对“以文字为诗,以才学为诗,以议论为诗”的理性化倾向,力图恢复诗歌的抒情本质。在其推崇“盛唐气象”背后,隐约折射出其对垂暮卑弱末宋文化的时代忧思。

“Using Zen as metaphor for poetry”is a distinctive academic feature of Canglang poetry.Yan Yu borrowed the concept of“Miaowu”from Buddhism,and using Zen as the keystone,constructed a rigorous poetics with“miaowu”(clever comprehension of the subtleties)as epistemology and methodology,featuring“interest”and the“realm”of“scenery”.Yan Yu’s“comprehension”is different from that of the Jiangxi poetic school,which emphasizes the overall grasp and the life experience of the poetic subject.His“interest”embodies a deep integration of many psychological factors such as feeling,reason and meaning under the guidance of emotion,and the perfect unity of content and form.“Scenery”points to external manifestations of poetry aesthetics and spirit of the times.Yan Yu was opposed to the rational tendency of“taking letters,learning,and elaboration as poetry,”and tried to restore the lyric nature of poetry.Behind his admiration of the“prosperous Tang Dynasty”lay faintly his worries about the cultural decline of the late Song.