多元视角下的傈僳族源流考释

A Review of the Origin of the Lisu from Multiple Perspectives

从考古学文化来看,氐羌民族源于黄河中上游的仰韶文化,之后发展为具有地方特色的马家窑文化及其之后的齐家文化,后经由西藏昌都卡若文化对川西南、滇西北和滇西的文化产生了巨大影响,成为西南氐羌民族包括傈僳族在内的彝语支各民族共同的源。秦汉时期,南下至西南地区的氐羌民族在与当地土著融合发展的基础上,形成了昆明族、叟族等民族。魏晋以降,南中地区原来昆明族、叟族分布的地域内,出现了大量被记称为乌蛮的民族。南诏统一洱海过程中,“粟栗、施蛮、顺蛮”从乌蛮中分化出来,“粟栗”成为今天傈僳族的直接先民。在南诏把傈僳族先民向北、向西、向东进行多次迁徙的过程中,长褌蛮分化出来。元代居于金沙江两岸的施蛮、顺蛮,被记称为卢蛮,成为这一时期傈僳族先民的概称。受多重因素的影响,明代的傈僳族先民被迫向西迁移。“傈僳族”之称首见于清代,后经过不断的迁徙,傈僳族形成了今天跨境而居的格局,也形成了其分布广、大分散、小聚居的状态。从傈僳族的源流发展历程来看,不同的时期贯穿着“同源—异流—同流”和“同源—异流—异流”的分化发展规律,并成为彝语支各民族源流发展的重要特点。

archaeologically,the Diqiang ethnic groups had their origin in the Yangshao Culture that once thrived in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River,and that later developed into the highly localized Majiayao Culture and Qijia Culture.These cultures exerted a huge influence upon the culture of southwest Sichuan,northwest and west Yunnan via the Changdu Karuo Culture of Tibet,and were the common sources of the Yi-speaking Diqiang groups in Southwest China,including the Lisu.In the Qin and Han Dynasties,the Diqiang groups that migrated southward merged with some indigenous groups to become the Kunming and the Sou.After the Wei and Jin dynasties,there ap⁃peared in Nanzhong,where the Kunming and the Sou lived,a large number of new comers that are referred to as Wuman(black savages)in official history.When the Nanzhao Kingdom unified the Er⁃hai area,some of the Wuman groups became known as“Lisu,Shiman and Shunman”,of whom the Lisu group were the very ancestors of the Lisu people today.The Naozhao made the Lisu change their habitats several times and in different directions,during which a new group called Changkun came into being.In the Yuan Dynasty,the Shiman and Shunman that lived along the Jinsha River became known as Luman,a term that applies to all the groups that are believe to be the ancestors of the Lisu today.In the Ming Dynasty,the Lisu were forced to move west for many reasons.Their ethnic name Lisu first appeared in the literature of the Qing Dynasty.Subsequent migrations that continued resulted in the present situation of their cross-border habitation,and their wide distribution,great dispersion,and small community.Viewed historically,the various groups of the Lisu have had times when they shared the same ancestry and them bifurcated into various branches,as well as times when various branches joined together under the same ethnic identity.This is also an important feature of other Yispeaking ethnic groups.