强化社会安全网:日本新冠疫情期间的劳动政策分析

Strengthening the Social Safety Net:Labor Policy Analysis during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Japan

新冠疫情对劳动者的就业与生活造成了极大的威胁。鉴于此,日本或在原有制度框架下设立特例措施,或制定全新的制度政策来强化社会安全网,救助受困群体。疫情期间出台的劳动政策包括:大幅度修改雇佣调整补助制度;为无保险劳动者新设紧急雇佣安定补助制度;为无停工工资劳动者新设停工补助制度;为应对疫情带来的生活难题而新设停课休假补助·支援制度等;把没有失业但因疫情收入减少者纳入生活援助范围。这些政策扩大了日本社会安全网的保护范围并强化了力度,重点加固了保护就业的第一层网,避免了大量失业者的出现,为经济复苏保留了后劲。在保障公正性的同时,提高了社会安全网的救助效率。总体上说,日本新冠疫情期间的劳动政策对抑制失业产生了一定效果,但在如何应对救助需求增大、制度的常态化、提高救助效率以及克服财政资源制约等方面仍需进一步改进。

The COVID-19 epidemic posed a great threat to the employment and livelihood of workers.In view of this,Japan established special measures within the framework of the original system or set up a new policy to strengthen the social safety net to help the disadvantaged groups.The labor policies intro-duced during the epidemic period included:a major revision of the system of employment adjustment sub-sidies;a new system of emergency employment stabilization subsidies for uninsured workers;and a new system of work suspension subsidies for non-off-work wage workers;in order to deal with the life prob-lems caused by the epidemic,a new system of suspension of school leave subsidies and support has been established;those who have not lost their jobs but have lost their income due to the epidemic have been included in the scope of life assistance.These policies have strengthened the scope and strength of Japan's social safety net,with a focus on strengthening the first layer of protection of employment,avoiding the emergence of large numbers of unemployed,and preserving the strength of economic recovery.Moreover,it improves the efficiency of the social safety net while guaranteeing the justice.Generally speaking,Japan's labor policy during the COVID-19 epidemic has achieved some results in restraining unemployment.However,how to deal with the increasing demand for rescue,the normalization of the system,improve the efficiency of rescue,and overcome the constraints of financial resources and other aspects still need to be further improved.