有法所度:墨子的法治憧憬

Measure by Law: Mozi's Vision of Rule of Law

墨子的法治憧憬,可以通过墨子提出的“有法所度”命题来展示。“有法所度”有两个关节点,一是“法”,二是“度”。“有法所度”之“法”,在墨子的规范体系中,可以分为两个层次:高级规范与次级规范。高级规范就是作为“天志”的实体内容的兼爱。次级规范包括非攻、非乐、节用,这三条次级规范可以视为高级规范的具体表达。“有法所度”之“度”,主要体现为法的实施的方法,包括尚贤、垂范、尚同,这三项措施旨在为法的实施提供保障。在先秦法理学的理论丛林中,墨子的“有法所度”集中体现了那个时代草根阶层或平民阶层的心声。

Mozi's vision of the rule of law can be demonstrated by"measure by law".There are two joint points in"measure by law",one is"law"and the other is"measure".The"law"can be divided into two levels:senior norms and secondary norms.The senior norms are the universal love as the entity content of"Tianzhi"[天志].The secondary norms include non-aggression[非攻],non-joy[非乐]and frugality[节用],which can be regarded as the concrete expression of senior norms.The"measure"is mainly the method of law implementation,which includes respecting the virtuous[尚贤],setting an example and respecting the same[尚同].These methods aim to provide guarantee for the law implementation.In the pre Qin period,Mozi's"measure by law"embodies the desire of the grass-roots in that era.