破而不立欲速不达——20世纪50至70年代中国开展的科学批判活动

Broken but Failed to Stand,Haste Brought no Success:Scientific Critical Activities Carried out in China from 1950s to 1970s

从中华人民共和国成立至“文化大革命”结束,我国开展过一系列批判自然科学中各种“唯心主义”和“形而上学”等“资产阶级思想”的活动,并于20世纪50年代前期、50年代末期及“文化大革命”期间出现了三次批判高潮。其间尽管中共中央采取过一些措施对之进行制止,但由于一些特殊因素的干扰,使得效果有限,批判活动仍然一再出现回潮。三次批判高潮的出现,既有不同的直接的社会原因,也有共同的潜在的历史原因。批判者认为,只有清除科学中的“资产阶级思想”,才能使其快速发展。但事与愿违,所谓的科学批判不但没有促进自然科学的发展,反而产生了不小的负面影响。

From the establishment of the People's Republic to the end of the Cultural Revolution,China carried out a series of movements to criticize various“bourgeois ideas”,such as“idealism”and“metaphysics”in the natural sciences,and in the early 1950s,the late 1950s and during the Cultural Revolution,there were three climaxes to these activities.During this time,although the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China took some measures to stop them,due to the interference of some special factors,the effect was limited,and these activities still erupted.The emergence of the three climaxes of these movements had its own direct historical reasons and common underlying root causes.Critics believed that only by clearing away“bourgeois thinking”could the natural sciences develop rapidly,but contrary to expectations,their activities had a severely negative impact on the development of contemporary Chinese science.