俄罗斯软实力建设:理论、工具及绩效

The Construction of Soft Power in Russia:Theory,Tools and Performance

美国学者约瑟夫·奈于1990年首次提出软实力概念后,直到2013年俄罗斯才在《俄罗斯联邦外交政策构想》中正式给出了“软实力”的官方定义。与美国以自由、民主的文化价值观和西方社会制度模式产生吸引力的“软实力”模式不同,俄罗斯“软实力”理论体系的核心观点是:使用非暴力手段维护和推广俄罗斯的政治体系和价值观,提升俄罗斯的国际形象和影响力,维护俄罗斯的国家安全和利益。俄罗斯更加注重强调“软实力”资源和工具的功能性和影响力,并且以西方为主要防御对象,以独联体地区为优先实施方向,坚持国家管控和主权至上原则,将利用“软实力”资源和工具干涉和影响他国社会舆论和内政归为非法使用“软实力”的行为。俄罗斯的“软实力”理论体系是为了应对西方的围追堵截,维护俄罗斯国家利益和国家对外战略发展需要,借鉴西方“软实力”概念,结合自身实际情况形成的具有俄罗斯特色的理论体系。

The concept of soft power was first proposed by the American scholar Joseph Nye in 1990.Until 2013,Russia has officially gave the official definition of soft power for the first time.Unlike the US soft power model,of which the appeal comes from liberal and democratic cultural values and western social system models,the core of Russia’s soft power is to use non-violent measures to maintain and promote Russia’s political values and governing models,enhance Russia’s international influence,and safeguard Russia’s national security and interests.With respect to soft power,Russia pays more attention to the functionality and influence of resources and tools,takes the West as the main defense object,recognize the CIS region as the priority of implementation direction,follows the principles of national control and sovereignty,and categorize the usage of soft power in the interference with public opinion and internal affairs of other countries as illegal.In this regard,Russia’s soft power theory is a theoretical system with Russia’s unique characteristics,which aims to cope with the interception of the West,safeguard Russia’s national interests and diplomatic needs as well as learn from the Western theory of soft power.