国家规划视角下的俄罗斯住房政策评析

Analysis on Russia’s Housing Policy from the Perspective of National Planning

住房规划是俄罗斯住房政策的集中体现,出于提高规划支出效率而设置的各项指标,则为评估住房政策效果提供了有益参考。本文以此为基础,结合国际通用的住房政策评估指标,构建涵盖住房各部门和各类居民群体的更为全面、细致的指标体系,分析近年来俄罗斯政府在保障居民住房和公用服务方面取得的成绩和存在的问题。总体来看,俄罗斯住房保障水平日益提高,住房可支付性提升较快,但建筑行业正面临新一轮的政策冲击;住房按揭贷款发放规模呈波动上升态势,但按揭市场利率依然偏高;俄政府严格控制公用服务价格,补贴尽量落到实处,囿于基础设施老化严重,居民对住房公用服务的满意度难以提高。基于外部经济形势不确定性增强和内部结构性矛盾凸显,国家规划开始向项目模式过渡。国家项目“住房与城市环境”首先应取得的突破在于,解决开发商的资金困境、刺激居民的按揭需求。

Russia’s housing policies are well reflected by its housing planning.The indicators that are set to improve the efficiency of planning expenditures offer useful reference for evaluating the effects of Russia’s housing policies.Based on that,this article will conduct a more comprehensive and detailed indicator system covering all housing sectors and various types of residential groups,and analyze the achievements and problems of the Russian government in guaranteeing residential housing and public services in recent years.In general,Russia’s housing security level is increasing,and its housing affordability is improving rapidly,but the construction industry is facing a new round of policy shocks;the scale of housing mortgage loans is rising in wave,but the mortgage market interest rates are still high.Although the Russian government strictly controls the prices of public services and offers plenty of subsidies,people are still dissatisfied with the housing public service due to the serious aging of infrastructure.Considering the increasing uncertainty of the external economic situation and the prominent structural problems within the domestic economy,the national planning of Russia has been transformed to the project model.If Russia aims to make breakthroughs in the national project“Housing and Urban Environment”,the first issue is to solve the financial problems of the developers and stimulate the mortgage demand of the residents.