胡宗宪建军、治军与战略战术思想探赜

The Exploration of Hu Zongxian’s Army-Building,Army-Running,and Strategy and Tactics

胡宗宪作为嘉靖年间的名臣对于东南抗倭事业作出了巨大的贡献。在由文职入军旅的过程中,经过多年实践积累,胡宗宪逐步形成了自己的军事思想,这一思想包含建军、治军和战略战术三个有机联系的层面。胡宗宪建军思想核心要点是招徕人才和建制适应作战要求的兵员和兵种;而其治军思想则包括严法约束兵将和赏罚必信两个方面,要旨在于以法治人,强调以严格的法令管理兵将,以合理的赏罚激励兵将的战斗力;进而,胡宗宪指出了将领应有的廉洁品格。尤其是,胡宗宪治兵必先治将的思路对当时明军的治理来说是切中肯綮的。分析胡宗宪北疆防务建言方案、巡按监察湖广以及抗倭东南之策略与用兵,可以发现其战略思想突出“以柔谋刚”,即以柔和性的手段分化瓦解敌人,为己方谋求相对主动的局面,从而达到消除对方这一刚性目的;战术思想则突出“以奇谋势”,即在顺应大势的前提下去把握局势,或用“奇”于攻,或用“奇”于守,从而谋取对己方有利的结局。

As a famous officer in the Jiajing Dynasty who made great contribution to pacifying the Japanese-pirates in the southeast China,Hu Zongxian gradually formed his own thoughts about war,which can be divided into three parts:army-building,army-running,and thoughts about strategy and tactics.His army-building thoughts included three sub-parts,and the two key points were attracting talents to the army due to attaching importance to talents,and recruiting adequate quantity of soldiers and establishing types of soldiers suitable to wars;and his army-running thoughts included two sub-parts,and the key points were managing subordinates by rules and laws and constructing believable rewards and punishments.Further,he advocated incorruption in high-ranking military officers,and his idea that the leading generals should set good examples for their soldiers was pertinent to the administration of the army.Analysis of his advice on northern bounder safeguarding,his inspection in Huguang to quell Miao-rebellion,and his practice on southeastern protection from Japanese pirates shows that his thoughts about strategy focused on“scheming-strong-by-subtleness”,which aimed at disintegrating the enemies to obtain a favorable situation so as to achieve the rigid goal of defeating the enemies;and his tactics focus on“seeking-situation-by-surprise”,which was to take the enemies by surprise,so as to seek a favorable outcome for their own side.