“封建遗典”的现代境遇:1928—1930年曲阜林庙改革之争

The Modern Circumstance of“Feudal Ceremonial Remains”:Debate on the Reform of the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius,1928—1930

1928年2月南京国民政府大学院训令废止春秋祀孔旧典之后,被视为"封建遗典"的曲阜孔林、孔庙旧制之变更的问题也随之提上日程。由于利益攸关,孔府起而抵制,林庙改革之争由此展开。孔祥熙、蒋介石等国民党实力派人物先后介入其中,力主"优异圣裔"和"保护孔子林庙";以孔教会为代表的尊孔派亦发声支持孔府的诉求。最终林庙改革问题超越新旧分野,演变成利益、权力乃至意识形态层面的博弈互动。由是,林庙改革一波三折,南京国民政府内政部、教育部乃至中央政治会议推举出的五委员制订的一系列方案都先后成为具文,至1930年初更是陷入了"暂缓执行"的尴尬境地。曲阜林庙改革之争,不仅凸显了矛盾各方在林庙旧制变革,或其表征的尊孔抑或反孔问题上的复杂互动关系,同时亦折射了彼时公权力私心自用和政随人转的政治生态,以及旧有社会、文化制度的现代转型之艰。

In February 1928,the Daxue Yuan(大学院)of the Nanjing National Government issued a decree to abolish the old ceremonies of biannual sacrifices to Confucius in Spring and Autumn.After that,the issue of reforming the old ceremonies of the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius in Qufu,which was regarded as"feudal ceremonial remains",was put on agenda.Due to the interests involved,the Confucius Family resisted the reform,and the debate over the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius had begun.The powerful figures in the Kuomintang,such as Kung Hsiang-hsi and Chiang Kai-shek,were successively involved in the dispute,advocating"preferential treatment for the descendants of Confucius"and"protecting the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius".The Confucius-worshipers represented by the Confucian Association also voiced their support for the demands of the Confucius Family.Eventually,the issue of reforming the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius transcended the old and new divisions and evolved into a game interaction of interests,power and even ideology.As a result,the reform was quite tortuous.A series of plans were formulated by the Ministry of Interior,the Ministry of Education and even the five commissioners elected by the Central Political Conference of the Nanjing National Government.But by the beginning of 1930,these plans were in an embarrassing situation of"suspension of execution".The debate on the reform of the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius in Qufu not only highlights the complex interaction of various parties on the reform of the old system of the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius,and the issue of respecting Confucius or combating Confucius,but also reflects the political and cultural ecology of the private use of public power and the change of politics with people at that time,as well as the difficulties involved in the modern transformation of old social and cultural system.