日本农村集体产权制度的演进、特征与构成

The Evolution,Characteristics and Composition of Rural Collective Property Rights System in Japan

本文通过文献梳理与实地调研相结合的方法阐明了日本农村集体产权制度的演进、特征和产权构成。研究发现,从“多数人对同一财产共同享有所有权”的视角来看,农村集体产权制度并非公有制国家独有,在资本主义私有制国家是国家所有权和私人所有权之外的第三种产权形式。日本农村集体产权制度是以土地等资源的农民集体所有和集体成员按需使用而形成的产权制度,具有总有权性质,根据各地习惯进行规范,存在多元权利形式和非公示性的特征,其法理体系相对完善,司法实践丰富。建议基于总有权理论推进我国农村集体产权制度改革;采取“一户一股”的方式确定农民集体的股权结构;坚持集体资源有效使用原则,随农户变动对股权施行动态管理;提供多种组织形态选项,满足农民集体发展需求;让集体成员相互承担无限连带责任,降低监管成本,提升农民集体的自治自决水平。

This study combines literature review and field research methods to expound the evolution,characteristics and composition of the rural collective property rights system in Japan.The study finds that the rural collective property rights system is not exclusive to public-ownership countries from the perspective of“a majority of people sharing the ownership of the same property”.It is a third form of ownership rights besides state ownership and private ownership in capitalist private ownership countries.The rural collective property rights system in Japan is a property rights system formed by farmers’collective ownership of land and other resources and the use of collective members according to their needs.It has the natural of aggregate ownership,which belongs to the category of customary law,and has the characteristics of multiple forms of rights and non-publicity.Its legal system is relatively complete and rich in judicial practice.The study proposes to construct the system of rural collective property rights in China based on aggregate ownership theory,adopt the method of“one household,one share”to determine the ownership structure of farmers,adhere to the principle of effective use of collective resources and implement a dynamic management of equity with the change of farmers,provide a variety of organizational options to meet the development needs of farmers’collective,let collective members bear unlimited liabilities in order to reduce supervision costs and improve the level of autonomy and self-determination of farmers’collective.