中国宅基地制度变迁:历史演变、多重逻辑与变迁特征

Institutional Change of Rural Residential Land in China: Evolution, Multiple Logic and Characteristics

在坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度的大背景下,宅基地制度因其复杂性和特殊性已成为重大课题。文章指出我国宅基地制度历经农户私有、集体公有、制度适度调适、腾退机制探索和"三权分置"改革五大阶段。宅基地制度变迁是多方主体行为互动及其逻辑演化的结果,但主要受国家权威与地方政府的影响,其中国家因平衡政治、经济和社会等因素而进行产权管制,地方政府的决策受科层制和土地财政的激励,村集体组织则面临个体理性与集体非理性的困境。在不同阶段,各主体互动结果的差异较大,大致遵循"国家政策引导—地方实践创新—村集体需求反馈"的循环演化方式,总体呈现渐进式强制性变迁模式和制度创新路径依赖等特征。农村宅基地制度未来改革方向应为产权逐渐明晰化、功能凸显财产化和政策分类治理化。

This paper sorts out China’s rural residential land policy and practices and applies multiple logical perspectives to reveal its institutional changes. The study finds that rural residential land has undergone five stages: private ownership, collective public ownership, modest adjustment to the system, exploration of the retreat mechanism and "three rights separation" reforms. The institutional change is a result of the logical interaction and evolution of the behavior of multiple parties, but it is mainly led by national authorities with the help of local governments. The interaction between multiple subjects in different stages is quite different, and roughly follows the cycle of evolution of "national policy guidance, local practice innovation, village collective demand feedback". It generally presents characteristics such as a gradual and compulsory change model and institutional innovation path dependence. The future direction of the rural house site system is gradually clarifying property rights, highlighting the functions of property and categorizing policies.