康德如何看待恩典对克服“根本恶”的作用——与韦政希博士商榷

The effect of how Kant views grace on the eradication of“radical evil”:Discussion with Dr.Wei Zhengxi

韦政希博士提出:不能将康德的恩典概念仅当作一个实践理性的悬设使之概念化,而要看到恩典对克服根本恶的实在作用;道德自律只能促成改良,人心革命只能指靠恩典;恩典与道德自律互为前提,恩典是道德自律的本体论前提,道德自律是恩典的实践论前提;康德对宗教二律背反的解决体现了恩典与道德自律、启示宗教与理性宗教的一致性。但文本考察表明:康德主张人首先须要“自力更新”,然后才有资格期待恩典,其恩典概念只是一个虚概念;不论思维方式的革命,还是感官方式的改良,都是人自己应该做到,也能够做到的;恩典不能成为道德自律的本体论前提,不能认为两者互为前提;在“造福于人的信仰”范围内,康德对宗教二律背反的解释可以消除正题和反题的冲突,但由此并未消除启示宗教的神秘恩典与理性宗教的道德自律的矛盾。从总体上看,他的解读夸大了恩典对克服根本恶的作用。

Dr.Wei Zhengxi put forward that Kant’s concept of grace should not be conceptualized only as a postulate of practical reason,but that the real effect of grace on overcoming radical evil should be seen.Moral autonomy can only promote reform,and the revolution of the heart can only rely on grace.Grace and moral autonomy are the premises of each other.Grace is the ontological premise of autonomy,while autonomy is the practical premise of grace.Kant’s solution to the antinomy of religious philosophy reflects the consistency between grace and autonomy,and reveals the conformity between religion and rational religion.However,textual investigation shows that Kant advocates every human being should accomplish“self-renewal”firstly before they are qualified to expect grace,and that his concept of grace is just a virtual concept.Whether it is revolution in the mode of thought or reformation in the mode of senses,the human being ought to and can be capable of it.Grace cannot be the ontological premise of moral autonomy,nor can grace and moral autonomy be regarded as premises of each other.Within the scope of“a saving faith”,Kant’s interpretation of the antinomy of religious philosophy can resolve the contradiction between thesis and antithesis,but it does not eliminate the contradiction between the mysterious grace of revealed religion and the moral autonomy of rational religion.On the whole,his interpretation exaggerates the effect of grace on overcoming radical evil.