恩典如何降临?——康德宗教哲学中基督的形象作用之解读

How does grace befall?Interpretation of the image of Christ in Kant's religious philosophy

在面对根本恶时,康德认为,人们为了实现心灵转变,一方面要发挥理性的主动性积极进行道德自律,另一方面基督的称义恩典又是人们进行转变时必不可少的援助。基督的形象作用使称义恩典的援助得以可能,这种作用在康德的原型理论中展开。原型既可以站在理性主义的立场上理解为人类的原初道德禀赋之理性理念,又可以站在非理性主义的立场上解释为原初道德禀赋和内在审判者的感性论理念。良知阐明自我的理性的主动性与接受性的统一,从而保证了对原型的理性主义和非理性主义的双重理解。因此,理性宗教与其改造的启示宗教共存于康德宗教哲学中,并且两者之间保持着某种张力:启示宗教中的恩典是其理性宗教中人类的道德自律之非意向性的现象学存在论前提,道德自律是人类接受恩典的实践论前提。

In the face of radical evil,Kant believes that,in order to achieve the transformation of the heart.on the one hand,we should,give full play to the initiative of rationality and actively carry out moral self-discipline,while on the other hand,the justification and grace of Christ is an indispensable aid for us to make the transformation.The image of Christ makes it feasible to call for the assistance for justification and grace,which is developed in Kant's prototypal theory.Prototype can be understood as the rational idea of human original moral endowment from the standpoint of rationalism,as well as the aesthetic idea of original moral endowment and inner judgment from the standpoint of irrationalism.Conscience clarifies the unity of initiative and acceptance of the rationality of the self,thus ensuring the dual understanding of rationalism and irrationalism of prototype.Therefore,in Kant's religious philosophy,the rational religion and his modified revealing religion coexist in a way of tension.The grace in the revealing religion is the non-intentional phenomenological ontological premise of human moral self-discipline in his rational religion,and the moral self-discipline is the practical premise of human accepting grace.