卫所移民与边地社会:明代岷州卫的实践

Military Immigrants of Weisuo and Border Society:A Case of Minzhou Wei in Ming Dynasty

明初,西番部族和北元势力对洮岷边地的频频威胁加深了新生的明王朝对统治秩序的担忧。为了加强控制力,明政府以随沐英征伐西番、平叛洮州的将士为基础设置了岷州卫。而随着卫所制度与军事移民进入这一地区,边地基层社会的面貌发生了嬗变,元以来部落化的管理模式遭到了打破。明政府实行的一系列政策将垂直管理困难的边地土民社会纳入了军事化的政区管理之中,并进一步以调整礼俗的方式加强了明政府对基层社会的控制。与此同时,在相对封闭的卫所空间的文化交融中,移民史事也最终以民间传说、集体记忆和共同信仰的形式留存在了岷州社会之中,成为了土民群体融入主流社会的尝试和移民群体对身份认同的追寻。

At the beginning of Ming Dynasty,frequent threats to Taomin frontier launched by Xifan tribe and North Yuan forces deepened the worries about the ruling order of the newly established Ming Dynasty.In order to strengthen its control over this area,the Ming government set up Minzhou Wei whose garrison was based on the troops who counterattacked Xifan tribe and settled the rebellion in Taozhou under the leadership of General MuYing.With the implementation of Weisuo system and the entering of military immigrants,the grass-roots society in border areas had undergone a transformation,and the tribal management system of Minzhou,which originated in Yuan Dynasty,was abolished as well.A series of policies implemented by Ming government incorporated border aboriginal society,which was difficult for central government to manage directly,into militarized regional management system and further strengthened the central government’s control over the grass-roots society by adjusting the etiquette and custom.Meanwhile,with different kinds of culture fully blended in the relatively closed cultural space of Weisuo,the history of immigrants remained in Minzhou society in the form of folklore,collective memory and common beliefs,and eventually became the symbol of Minzhou locals’attempting to be admitted by mainstream society and the seeking for their own identity.