中国花生脱壳机技术发展现状与展望

Development and Prospect of Technology on Peanut Sheller of China

脱壳机是花生脱壳加工系列装备中的核心机械,也是决定花生脱壳效率、果仁损伤和损失程度的关键。中国的花生产量约占世界40%而位居第一,但花生收获和脱壳加工等技术水平远不及产量不足中国1/7的美国。花生脱壳效率和质量不高,在很大程度上制约了我国花生及制品出口和食品加工业的发展。为探明我国花生脱壳技术存在的问题及其原因,提高花生脱壳机技术水平,在深入生产实地调研的基础上,结合脱壳机技术研究并运用文献研究法和经验总结法等方法,系统地分析了我国花生脱壳机发展历史和花生生产发展不同历史阶段对花生脱壳机的要求,追溯了花生脱壳原理、脱壳机结构类型和关键部件等技术衍变过程。研究表明:结构简单且价格便宜的小型花生脱壳机,较好地适应了我国早期花生生产和农村经济实际情况。但花生脱壳机结构原理相似,主要采用打击揉搓式脱壳原理,脱壳效率和质量不高,难以满足我国目前花生生产、食品加工发展和出口质量要求,其主要原因是花生脱壳机研究、特别对影响花生脱壳的农艺因素研究不够深入。基于我国花生生产及农村社会经济最新发展并借鉴美国花生脱壳方式和技术,指出中国花生脱壳将出现两个主要变化,即以庭院式为主的花生脱壳方式向工厂化脱壳方式发展,大中型花生脱壳机替代小型花生脱机;花生脱壳技术研究重点主要集中在花生脱壳机结构原理、影响脱壳农艺因素、花生产业化发展与脱壳方式、花生脱壳与农艺及收获技术的融合等方面研究。

Shelling is a necessary link before the utilization of peanuts.The shelling machine is the core equipment for peanut shelling,which largely determines the loss of peanuts and the quality of nuts.The peanut production of China take 40%of the world and thus ranks first,but peanut shelling technology is far less than the United States whose peanut production is no more than one-seventh of China.The low efficiency and quality of peanut shelling have seriously restricted the development of peanut food processing industry and the export of peanuts as well as their products.In order to find out the problems and causes of peanut shelling technology in China and improve the technical level of peanut shelling machine,we did in-depth production field investigate combined with literature research and experience summary method,analyzed the development history of peanut shelling machine and the requirements of peanut shelling machine in different historical stages,traced the type of shelling machine structure and key components.The results showed that the small peanut shelling machine with simple structure and low price is well adapted to the early peanut production and the actual situation of the rural economy in China.However,the structural principle of the shelling machine is similar,which mainly adopting the principle of hitting and rubbing of shell type.The shelling efficiency and quality are difficult to meet the current requirements for peanut production,food processing development and export quality.The main reason is that the research on peanut shelling machine,especially the agronomic factors affecting peanut shelling,is not enough or deep.Based on the latest development of peanut production and rural social economy in China and the methods and techniques of peanut shelling learn from the United States,it is pointed out that there will be two major changes in the shelling of peanuts in China.That is to say,the garden-based peanut shelling method is developed to the factory shelling method,and the large and medium-sized peanut shelling machine replaces the small peanuts offline.Peanut shelling technology research focus is primarily on the principle of peanut shelling machine structure,agronomic factors influencing shelling,shelling peanuts industrial development mode,fused with peanut shelling and agronomic research as well as harvesting techniques.