“众怒”的年代:新媒介、情感规则与“愤怒”的政治

Age of “Collective Anger”: New Media, Feeling Rules and the Politics of “Anger”

愤怒是政治生活中的持久特征,也是理解当代政治的关键词。我们不应该把愤怒简单地贴上暴力、危害社会秩序、非理性的标签,而应分析愤怒产生的机制和表达的文化性。本研究借助情感研究的述行路径,探讨了新媒介中的愤怒表达,试图回答如下问题:新媒介如何影响了愤怒的政治表达?不同的主体如何通过愤怒的表达进行互动、形成社会关系?愤怒表达的政治后果是什么?本文认为,新媒介改变了愤怒表达的规则,促成了以愤怒为重要特质的网络舆论文化的形成。愤怒反映了人们对正义的认知,也是促使人们争取正义的力量。中国新媒介空间中的愤怒杂糅了各种类型的正义观念、民粹主义、民族主义等元素。不加克制的愤怒反对交流和对话,阻止共识的达成,加剧社会的撕裂,导致相互之间的理解变得更为困难。对于愤怒的分析也有助于我们理解全球政治和社会的变迁。

Anger is a persistent feature of political life and a key word for understanding contemporary politics. We should not label anger as simply violent, irrational or harmful to social order, but analyze the mechanism of anger generation and the cultural character of its expression. Taking a performative approach, the study explores the expression of anger on new media and tries to answer the following questions: how does the new media influence the political expression of anger? How do different subjects interact and form social relations through the expression of anger? What are the political consequences of anger? The new media has changed the rules of anger expression and contributed to the formation of a culture of online public opinion with anger as an important feature. The generation of anger has something to do with people’s imagination of justice. It reflects people’s cognition of justice and is also the force that urges people to strive for justice. Anger in China’s new media space is a mixture of various types of justice, populism, nationalism and other elements. Unchecked anger is against communication and dialogue. It prevents consensus and also makes it more difficult to understand each other. An analysis of anger helps us understand global political and social change.