由《大唐开元礼》所见唐代品官住居的堂室格局

A Study on the Interior Spatial Pattern of Officials’Dwel ings in Tang Dynasty based on Datang Kaiyuan Li

先秦士大夫住居一般采用"前堂后室"格局已是学界的共识,但这种格局在汉代以后的延续性迄今尚不明确。本文主要根据行用于唐代的礼仪规范《大唐开元礼》及其他历史文献,对唐代品官住居中"正寝"的室内格局进行了推断。从冠礼、婚礼、丧礼等关于行为与空间方位的描述来看,"正寝"内的堂为开放空间,有东西序和左右阶,室位于堂的正后方,室的两侧为房,总体而言依然承袭了早期"前堂后室"的基本形态。与古制的差别主要在于正寝内的东西堂、东西夹等空间名称已经消失,室的礼仪功能弱化,部分正寝取消了东房和西房,显示出格局简化的倾向。厘清唐代品官住居的堂室格局,对理解礼制主导下传统空间模式的稳定性及其历史影响有重要意义。

It is generally recognized that Chinese ancient dwellings before Han dynasty took the spatial pattern main hall with adjacent rear bedroom as mainstream form,but the historical continuity of this pattern remains unclear.Based on Datang Kaiyuan Li and other documents,this paper explored the interior spatial composition of"Zhengqin"in officials’dwellings in Tang Dynasty.According to the etiquette processes of capping,wedding and funeral ceremony,the hall in"Zhengqin"was an open space with left and right steps,and two isolated walls(so-called"Xu")standing on its either side.The rearward bedroom was adjacent to the hall and flanked by two chambers.In general,"Zhengqin"still inherited the basic spatial pattern of the ancient period.The main changes were that spatial names such as"Dong Xi Tang"and"Dong Xi Jia"disappeared,etiquettes in bedroom decreased and two chambers beside the bedroom were removed in some cases,which indicated the tendency of spatial simplification.Clarifying the interior form of officials’dwellings in the Tang Dynasty is conducive to understand the stability and historical influences of the traditional spatial pattern restrained by the ritual system.