从“劳作学校”到“普职融合”:德国劳动教育课程建设的价值嬗变、特征与启示

From“Labor School”to“Integration of General and Vocational Education”——The Value Transmutation,Characteristics and Enlightenment of the Construction of Labor Education Curriculum in Germany

德国劳动教育具有悠久的历史和丰富的实践经验,其价值内涵历经三次重大的转变:强调职业教育与公民教育的有效联结、为职业选择与企业劳动培养全面发展的人、协助解决社会劳动的现实问题。随着工业4.0进程的不断推进,德国学校劳动课程也步入了数字信息化时代,其课程建设的主要特征表现为:目标旨在培养学生解决职业、生活问题的劳动能力;内容涉及家政、技术、经济与职业劳动领域;课程设置凸显综合性、模块性以及跨学科性;课程实施以行动力为导向,并辅以专业的师资队伍与教学设备。本文旨在探究德国学校劳动课程建设的经验,以期为当前我国学校劳动课程体系的发展提供一些借鉴。

The labor education has a long history and rich practical experience in Germany.Its value connotation has undergone three major changes:the effectively connection of vocational education and civic education,labor ideas as the essence and labor skills for its utility,and assisting individuals in solving problems in social labour.Along with the continuous advancement of Industry 4.0,the labor curriculum in German schools has also entered the digital information age.The characteristics of the curriculum are mainly as follows:aiming to cultivate students’ability of solving practical problems;the content involves the knowledge and skills in the fields of housekeeping economics,technology and professional work;construction is characterized by comprehensiveness,modularization and interdisciplinary cooperation;the implementation of the curriculum is action-oriented;curriculum quality is ensured by professional teachers and facilities.The lessons of the implementation of the labor curriculum in Germany could provide some useful insights into the development of the labor education in China.