劳动教育:思想演变与地位流变——兼论开展劳动教育的时空背景

Ideological Evolution of and Positional Changes in Labor Education:The Spatiotemporal Background of Developing Labor Education

劳动教育思想的诞生与发展离不开特定的时空背景,其既受制于历史的沿革,也为社会条件所制约。劳动教育的思想虽然在晚近时期才得到广泛关注,但在早期的学校教育中已初露端倪,劳动教育的地位也随着中西方不同的演进路线而更迭。考察制约劳动教育思想演变与地位流变的社会条件可知:我国早期的劳动教育长期处于以“世袭”“选举”为脉络的“政治社会”中,基本遵循着“混沌—分离—遁隐—重现”的演变历程;西方早期的劳动教育则主要顺应“经济社会”而发展,古希腊哲学、基督教哲学和资本主义精神在其中发挥着重要作用。新中国的劳动教育在中西文化的融合会通下正式登场,根据社会历史情境可将其分为三个阶段:满足国家建设需要的成型期、抵御资本逻辑兴起的式微期和重返全面发展初心的转型期。在新的历史条件下,学校开展劳动教育不仅需具备历史比较的视野,也要厚植社会支持的土壤,树立正确的劳动观和价值观以服务社会主义现代化建设。

The birth and development of labor education thought cannot be separated from the specific spatiotemporal background,which is not only subject to the historical evolution but also restricted by social conditions.Although the thoughts related to labor education have received widespread attention in the recent period,they have already begun to emerge in the school for long time,and the status of labor education has also changed along different evolutionary routes of China and the West.By examining the social conditions that restrict the evolution of labor education,we can see that the early labor education in China was carried out in a‘political society’characterized by‘hereditary’and‘election’for ages and has followed an evolutionary path“from chaos to separation to disappearance to re-emergence”;while the early western labor education was mainly developed in accordance with the needs of an‘economic society’in which ancient Greek philosophy,Christian philosophy and capitalist spirit played an important role.Labor education in China after 1949 can be divided into three stages:the shaping period to meet the needs of national construction;the decline period of resisting the rise of capital logic;and the transition period of returning to the original idea of all-round development.Under the new historical conditions,the development of labor education needs not only to embrace the perspective of historical comparison but also to strengthen the atmosphere of social support and establish the correct view on labor and values to serve the socialist modernization.