何种民主,谁的教育:博德对杜威的三个批评

What Democracy,Whose Education?:Boyd Henry Bode's Three Criticisms on John Dewey

博德是美国进步主义教育的著名理论家。然而,他在学术生涯的后期,对进步主义教育的精神领袖杜威的“教育即生长”“教育无目的”论和“教育中的民主概念”提出了批评。博德的批评的中心观点是:“教育即生长”和“教育无目的”论,没有把民主社会的建设和发展清晰地设置为教育的目的;“教育中的民主概念”太过于注重问题的数量方面,没有明确把反绝对主义作为民主的价值内涵。尽管受到了博德的批评,杜威仍然赞赏博德的教育思想,只是对博德的后一个批评持保留态度。博德与杜威之所以发生分歧,是因为博德的民主观是基于消极自由的形式民主观,杜威的民主观是基于积极自由的实体民主观。前者把“谁的教育”作为教育发展的前提条件,后者更相信民主与教育相互改进的进步主义前景。

Boyd Henry Bode was a famous theorist in the movement of progressive education.However,he criticized John Dewey,the spiritual leader of progressive education on the three notions Dewey proposed in his late years:i.e.“education as growth”,“education has no aims”,and“the concept of democracy in education”.Bode's main idea is that the construction and development of democracy is not clearly set up for the end of education by Dewey,and that Dewey placed considerable emphasis on the quantitative side of democracy,and then failed to put anti-absolutism as the core of democracy.Although criticized by Bode,Dewey still favored Bode's philosophy of education,though disagreeing with him on the latter criticism.The reason for the divergence between Bode and Dewey is that Bode's view on democracy is a concept of formal democracy based on negative freedom,while Dewey's view on democracy is a concept of substantive democracy based on positive freedom.The former regards“whose education”as the prerequisite for the development of education,while the latter believes in the progressive prospect of mutual improvement between democracy and education.