阴阳五行与董仲舒“官制象天”学说

The Theory of Yin-Yang&the Five Elements and Dong Zhongshu’s Theory of“Official System Corresponding to the Numbers in the Heaven”

董仲舒以阴阳五行学说为理论基础构建起了独具特色的“官制象天”学说。“官制象天”以天人相副为前提,具有两个层面的内涵:其一为纵向层面上天之数与官之制有着严格对应,以三、四、十、十二、百二十等天之数构建起百官系统;其二为横向上五行与五官严格对应,以五行生胜为依据构建起彼此共生又相互制约的五官系统。第一个系统纯为理想化的构造,百官等级乃依据德行而划分,不具备可操作性;第二个系统以不同职能的协同又制约划分五官职权,乃依据现实而作,希冀对无可制约的王权进行有效约束,实为大一统政治环境中深具理性化的官制创构。

Based on the theory of yin yang and the five elements,Dong Zhongshu constructed a unique theory of“official system corresponding to the numbers in the heaven”.This theory,which is based on the premise of the relationship between heaven and man,has two levels of connotation:one is that the numbers in the heaven and the official system have a strict correspondence in the vertical level and the latter is constructed with the numbers in the heaven such as three,four,ten,twelve,one hundred and twenty;the other is that the five elements are strictly corresponding to the five ranks of officials in the horizontal level,and the five ranks of officials which coexist and restrict with each other are constructed based on the five elements.The first system,which divides the ranks of officials according to virtue,is purely idealized and not operable;the second system,which divides them according to the coordination and restrict of different functions,is based on reality,hoping to effectively restrict the unrestricted royal power;it is actually a rational construction of the official system in the political environment of grand unification.