从承认民国到敦促参战:美国与北京政府的外交,1913-1918

From Recognizing the Republic of China to Urging China to Join the War:Diplomacy Between the US and the Beijing Government,1913-1918

20世纪初,美国在中国问题上,采取了与其他列强不同的态度。当时的中国人认为,美国是唯一能干预并防止日本在东亚的扩张政策的国家。1913年威尔逊任总统并派芮恩施担任美国公使之后,中美关系进一步密切,美国成为世界上第一个承认中华民国的主要西方国家。1915年美国公开反对日本提出的“二十一条”,随后积极推动中国加入协约国,奠定了巴黎和会上提出收回山东主权要求的基础。考察1913-1918年间美国与北京政府的关系,美国的对华政策,无疑对理解1919年巴黎和会的中国外交以及收回山东权利的失败之原因,会有深入的认识。美国认为,中国的独立和不受外国控制,符合自己的利益,因此中美两国的利益是一致的。但是问题在于,并不等于得到了美国的支持,中国国内和国际的问题便迎刃而解了。仔细观察这一时期的中国外交和中美关系,结论便十分清楚:依靠外国力量的支持,最终不能解决自己的根本问题。

In the early 20th century,the United States adopted an attitude different from other world powers on China.During the period,the Chinese believed that the US was the only country that could intervene and prevent Japan's expansionary policies in East Asia.After Woodrow Wilson became president in 1913 and appointed Paul S.Reinsch to serve as the US minister to China,China-US relations became closer.The US became the first major Western country in the world to recognize the Republic of China.In 1915,the US publicly opposed the“Twenty-one Demands”proposed by Japan.Subsequently,the US actively promoted China to the Allies,laying the foundation for the Paris Peace Conference to recover Shandong's sovereignty.Examining the relationship between the US and the Beijing government from 1913 to 1918 and the US’China policy will enhance our understanding of Chinese diplomacy in the Paris Peace Conference and the reasons for the failure to recover Shandong's rights.The US believed that China's territorial integrity and freedom from foreign powers'control were in its own interests.Therefore,the interests of China and the US were consistent.However,it did not necessarily mean that as soon as China had the US’support,China's domestic and international problems could be easily solved.After carefully observing the China diplomacy and China-US relations,the conclusion is very clear that relying on the support of foreign forces would ultimately not be able to solve China's own fundamental problems.