元指导:基于素养与单元的学习指导范式

Metacognitive Instruction: A Learning Instruction Model Based on Literacies and Learning Units

当下许多学习指导或演变为指令,或只是一招一式的指点,难以达到发展思维、提升素养之目的.应以单元为单位,以发展学生数学学科核心素养为目的,实施具有较强初始性、观念性、框架性、系统性和激励性的学习指导,即"元指导"."元指导"的主要策略与方法是基于数学学科核心素养的内涵与生成机制,基于数学知识发展的内在逻辑,基于学生的数学认知基础与研究障碍,以数学问题的提出与解决为重点,强化学习的大背景、大问题、大框架、大策略.最后以集合单元为例,具体阐明如何实施"元指导".

Nowadays, most learning instructions are either rigid instructions or point-by-point teaching, which have limitations in fulfilling the goals of improving students’ thinking and literacy in mathematics. To achieve the teaching goals in curriculum standards, teachers should instruct students with primary ideas, systematic approaches, and positive incentives, which are termed metacognitive instructions, to develop students’ mathematical literacies through "Curriculum Content Unit" as a basic unit. The approaches and strategies of metacognitive instructions are developed based on the connotations and formation mechanism of mathematical literacies, the inner logic of the development of mathematics, and students’ cognition and obstacles. Metacognitive instruction focuses on students’ problem posing and solving and their learning background, big ideas, big framework, and big strategies they use. Finally, we show a way of using metacognitive instruction to teach students by the unit of "set."