从“黄老学”到“黄老道”:关于其中一些问题的再讨论

From Huang-Lao School to Huang-Lao Daoism:a Re-discussion on Some Issues in This Process

“黄老道”一般被认为是道教的前身,作为“黄老道”渊源的“黄老学”不仅是一种“言”,同时更是一种“术”。黄老学的重心由“治国”转向“治身”,并在东汉发展成为“黄老道”,既有外部环境的影响,更是其自身发展的逻辑需要;在此过程中,推动“黄老学”向“黄老道”发展的方士,并非仅属“方仙道”一系人物,还应包括“方技”与“数术”两类人士。此外,“黄老道”在东汉时期已经具有宗教性质,其间佛教的传入曾产生了很大刺激,东汉统治者也起过重要作用。

As the source of Huang-Lao Daoism,a precursor of mature Daoism,Huang-Lao school is not only a kind of“yan(words)”with theoretical character,but also a kind of“shu(skills)”that could be handled.The factors turning Huang-Lao school from“governing the state”to“governing the body”,and the transforming it into Huang-Lao Daoism in the Eastern Han dynasty,involve both the external circumstances of the society and the internal logic of this school itself.In this process,the Fangshi(masters of methods)were one of the driving forces;these people were not just the people of“Fangxiandao”(masters seeking for celestial beings),but included both masters of“Fangji”(methods and arts)and“Shushu”(arts of the numbers)catalogued in the Hanshu(History of the Han).In addition,Huang-Lao Daoism in Eastern Han was already something of a religion,stimulated by the introduction of Buddhism to China and the Eastern Han emperors worship of Huang-Lao.