中印海洋安全互动:共同利益、分歧与对策建议

Sino-Indian Maritime Security Engagement: Shared Interests, Differences and Policy Recommendations

中、印两国同为新兴海洋大国,在全球与地区海洋问题上的影响力日渐扩大,双方在海洋领域的互动也成为地区安全的重要元素,对各自的海权发展有重大影响。两国在海洋安全领域既有共同利益,也有各种分歧。两国的共同利益包括:保持海上通道畅通,维护印度洋地区的总体稳定并化解风险,强化海洋治理,维护海洋秩序,发展蓝色经济等。中、印之间也有一系列矛盾和分歧:印度对中国在印度洋地区提升影响力存在过度的焦虑,对中国海权发展,特别是与印度洋地区国家的海洋安全合作疑虑很大。印度介入南海态势引起中方疑虑,大国势力挑动也成为重大不确定性因素。印度海洋安全战略对中国存在直接或间接的影响:印度提升海上实力可能对中印关系形成挑战,牵制并排挤中国,使南海问题复杂化;同时,有助于缓解印度洋地区的非传统安全局势,对中国有一定的积极影响。对此,中国应全面提高认识,妥善应对:应积极培育共同利益,形成利益共同体;加强海上非传统安全领域的合作;加强对话交流,避免战略误判;有效处理海上分歧,缓和争端;在海洋领域坚持开放的地区主义;借鉴印度经验,稳健推进中国的海权建设。

China and India, both emerging maritime powers, have a growing influence on global and regional maritime issues, and their maritime interactions have been an important element of regional security, exerting a significant impact on the development of the respective maritime rights of China and India. In maritime security, the two countries have both common interests and differences. The common interests of the two countries include the maintenance of open sea lanes, the maintenance of overall stability in the Indian Ocean region and the resolution of traditional and non-traditional security risks, strengthening ocean governance, maintaining maritime order, and developing the blue economy. There are also many differences between the two countries: India is overly anxious about China’s increased influence in the Indian Ocean;and India is concerned about the development of China’s sea power, especially China’s maritime security cooperation with countries in the Indian Ocean;India’s involvement in the South China Sea raises concerns from China;and the provocations from certain big powers have become a major uncertainty. India’s maritime security strategy has complex direct and indirect implications for China: India’s increased maritime power could pose a challenge to China-India relations. It will also alleviate the non-traditional security problems in the Indian Ocean region, as it complicates the South China Sea issue by containing and excluding China. China should have a comprehensive understanding of the issue and respond appropriately: it should actively cultivate common interests and form a community of interests;strengthen cooperation in non-traditional maritime security;promote dialogue and communication to avoid strategic miscalculation;effectively manage maritime differences and steadily ease and even resolve disputes;adhereto open regionalism;learn from India’s experience and make steady and positive progress in building China’s sea power.