化肥减量配施生态有机肥对酿酒玉米产量及品质的影响

Effects of Reducing the Application Rate of Chemical Fertilizers Combined with Application of an Organic Fertilizer on the Yield and Quality of Liquor-making Corn

为倡导减量施用化肥,探索有机肥与化肥配施的最佳比例,达到绿色、丰产、优质的酿酒玉米种植目标,保障酿酒玉米的生产需要,于2019年在宜宾市农业科学院南溪区大观镇科研基地开展了大田试验,在氮肥(N)、磷肥(P2O5)和钾肥(K2O)施用总量分别为240、120、140 kg/hm^2的基础上共设置8个处理,M1:100%化学肥料;M2:85%化学肥料+15%生态有机肥;M3:70%化学肥料+30%生态有机肥;M4:100%生态有机肥;M5:85%化学肥料;M6:70%化学肥料;M7:有机无机混合肥;以不施肥料为对照(M0)。考察并测定酿酒玉米农艺性状、产量以及品质。结果表明:化肥减量配施生态有机肥与有机无机混合肥能提高酿酒玉米幼苗质量,保证其生育期的正常进行,还能不同程度地降低株高和穗位高,同时提高其抗病性能,最终在产量上表现为各因子的协同提高,从而增产。但化肥减量配施生态有机肥对酿酒玉米籽粒品质影响较小,与施用100%化学肥料处理无显著差异。当化肥减量15%配施生态有机肥时能实现酿酒玉米产量的最大化,较对照增产29.6%,且与其他处理差异达显著水平,主要表现为百粒质量的提高。化肥减量并配合适宜的生态有机肥可以达到丰产、优质的酿酒玉米生产要求。化肥减量配施15%生态有机肥能最大限度提高酿酒玉米产量,同时保证其酿酒原料品质,为本试验的最优化肥减量与生态有机肥配比。

This study aimed to advocate a reduction in the application rate of chemical fertilizersand optimize the proportions of an organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizers in their combinative application,thereby achieving green planting,obtaining high yields and high quality of liquor-making corn,and meeting the requirements of liquor-making cornproduction.In 2019,a field trial was carried out in the Scientific Research Base of Daguan Town,Nanxi District,Yibin Academy of Agricultural Sciences.On the basis of the total application rates of nitrogen fertilizer(N),phosphorus fertilizer(P2O5)and potassium fertilizer(K2O)at 240 kg/hm^2,120 kg/hm^2,and 140 kg/hm^2,respectively,a total of eight treatments were set as follows:M0,the control without fertilizers;M1,100%chemical fertilizers;M2,85%chemical fertilizers+15%eco-organic fertilizer;M3,70%chemical fertilizers+30%eco-organic fertilizer;M4,100%eco-organic fertilizer;M5,85%chemical fertilizers;M6,70%chemical fertilizers;M7,mixedorganic-inorganic fertilizers.The agronomic characters,yield,and quality of liquor-making corn were investigated.As a result,chemical fertilizers applied at reducedrates in combination with applying an organic fertilizer,as well as the application of an organic-inorganic compound fertilizer,improved the quality of maize seedlings and maintained normal growth stages;they also reduced plant height and spike height in different degrees,and improved disease resistance.Finally,these treatments attained higher yields resulting from concertedrises in all yield components.On the other hand,chemical fertilizers applied at reducedrates in combination with applying an organic fertilizer did not significantly influence grain quality;no significant difference existed between these treatments and 100%chemical fertilizers in the parameters of grain quality.When the chemical fertilizer application rate was reduced by 15%and the ecological organic fertilizer was simultaneously applied,the yield of liquor-making corn was maximized,29.6%higher than that of the control and also significantly higher than other treatments;its yield increase was mainly reflected in the rise in 100 grain weight.In conclusion,reduced chemical fertilizer applicationin combination with an appropriate application rate of an ecological organic fertilizer could bring a high yield and high quality of liquor-making corn.When the chemical fertilizer application rate was reduced by 15%and 15%ecological organic fertilizer was applied,the yield of liquor-making corn could be maximized and its quality could be maintained;thus,this is the optimal ratio of chemical fertilizer application reduction to ecological organic fertilizer application according to this experiment.